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Anatomy > Stay Apparatus > Flashcards

Stay Apparatus Flashcards

1
Q

What two species have the stay apparatus and in which is more developed?

A

Horse and rmt; more developed in the horse

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2
Q

What does the stay apparatus allow for?

A

Allows animal to stand for long periods of time without wasting a lot of energy (can even sleep standing up)

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3
Q

What is the nuchal ligament useful for?

A

Helps to elevate the head

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4
Q

What are the abdominal muscles useful for?

A

Aponeurotic insertions allow passive support of abdominal viscera

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5
Q

What % of weight is carried by the thoracic limb and what is it used for?

A

60%; steering and shock absorption

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6
Q

What % of weight is carried by the pelvic limb and what is it used for?

A

40%; motor

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7
Q

What are the 9 components of the stay apparatus of the thoracic limb?

A
  1. Biceps brachii tendon
  2. Lacertus fibrosus
  3. Extensor carpi radialis tendon
  4. Common digital extensor tendon
  5. Serratus ventralis m.
  6. Triceps brachii m.
  7. Superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament)
  8. Deep digital flexor tendon (distal check ligament)
  9. Suspensory apparatus (fetlock stabilization in both limbs)
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8
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the biceps brachii m.?

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle
I (deep): radius
I (superficial): lacertus fibrosus –> MC 3

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9
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superficial digital flexor?

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: distal P1 and proximal P2

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10
Q

What does the proximal check ligament join?

A

tendon of the SDF

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11
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deep digital flexor m.?

A

O: medial epicondyle of humerus
I: P3

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12
Q

What does the distal check ligament join?

A

tendon of the DDF

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13
Q

Where does the proximal check ligament originate?

A

proximal radius

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14
Q

Where does the distal check ligament originate?

A

fascia overlying the carpal region

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15
Q

Where do the check ligaments insert in relation to the flexor muscles?

A

In bt the muscle bellies and the insertion of the flexor mm.

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16
Q

What 3 things make up the suspensory apparatus?

A

suspensory ligament, proximal sesamoids, distal sesamoidean ligaments

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17
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the suspensory ligament?

A

O: proximal part of cannon
I: proximal sesamoids

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18
Q

What are the 2 extensor branches given off by the suspensory ligament and what do they join with?

A

Medial and lateral; join with the tendon of the common digital extensor (thoracic) or long digital extensor (pelvic)

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19
Q

What are the distal sesamoidean ligaments present in the horse?

A

Short, cruciate, oblique, straight

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20
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the short and cruciate sesamoidean ligaments?

A

O: proximal sesamoids
I: proximal P1

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21
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the oblique sesamoidean ligament?

A

O: proximal sesamoids
I: bony ridge on P1

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22
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the superficial part of the straight sesamoidean ligament?

A

O: proximal sesamoids
I: proximal P2

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23
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the deep part of the straight sesamoidean ligament?

A

O: proximal sesamoids
I: bony ridge on P1

24
Q

What does the suspensory ligament in a standing horse feel like?

A

bone

25
Q

What structures fix the proximal sesamoids into location?

A

Distal sesamoidean ligaments

26
Q

What occurs at the fetlock when the animal bears weight?

A

extension

27
Q

When an animal bears weight, in what direction do the proximal sesamoids move?

A

downward

28
Q

When an animal bears weight, what happens to the tension in the suspensory ligament?

A

it increases, also causing more extension

29
Q

What happens to the fetlock during weight bearing when enough tension is built?

A

Any further extension at the fetlock stops

30
Q

How many degrees of articular surface are present at the fetlock?

A

220

31
Q

What 2 muscle tendons pass over the fetlock to help aid in stabilization?

A

SDF and DDF

32
Q

What does the pastern joint want to do when the limb is under weight and what limits this movement?

A

Wants to extend; is limited by the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament which stabilize it

33
Q

What does the coffin joint want to do when the limb is under weight and what limits this movement?

A

Wants to flex; is limited by tension within extensor branches which help to extend the joint

34
Q

What is the role of the check ligaments in shock absorption as the limb strikes the ground?

A

They push shock back into the bone to help absorb it

35
Q

When a horse is at a gallop, what position is the fetlock mainly in?

A

extended

36
Q

What muscle inserts on the medial aspect of the scapula that helps to fix it on the proximal aspect?

A

serratus ventralis

37
Q

As the limb comes under weight, what does the shoulder want to do and what type of traction results?

A

Wants to flex; results in cranial traction due to the supraglenoid tibercle pulling up on the biceps brachii

38
Q

As the limb comes under weight, what does the elbow want to do, what type of traction results, and how is this movement stabilized?

A

Wants to flex; results in cranial traction that is stabilized by the tendon of origin of the biceps that helps apply cranial pressure

39
Q

What type of traction does the lacertus fibrosus apply at the carpal region and what prevents this?

A

dorsal traction; prevented by the joint construction (digital flexors pull carpal region caudally)

40
Q

What are the 6 components of the stay apparatus of the pelvic limb?

A
  1. Patellar lock
  2. Reciprocal apparatus
  3. Long digital extensor tendon
  4. Superficial digital flexor tendon
  5. Deep digital flexor tendon (check ligament, but not always present)
  6. Suspensory apparatus
41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the patellar ligament?

A

medial, intermediate, lateral

42
Q

What two patellar ligaments have the largest space in bt them?

A

intermediate and medial parts

43
Q

What two things in the stifle work together to pull the patella dorsal to the medial ridge of the femoral trochlea?

A

Large space bt medial and intermediate parts of the patellar ligament + asymmetry of the medial ridge of femoral trochlea
(Makes a loop and locks the patella in place)

44
Q

What does the femur act as during the patellar lock?

A

crowbar

45
Q

What do the patella and ligaments act as during the patellar lock?

A

nail

46
Q

How does the femur act as a crowbar during the patellar lock?

A

The horse extends the stifle with some muscular activity in the quads that pulls the patella dorsal to the medial ridge, & the femur rocks back on the locked patella

47
Q

Which limb carries the body weight: limb WITH locked patella or limb WITHOUT locked patella?

A

limb WITH locked patella (unlocked limb is resting, tow barely touches the ground)

48
Q

What 2 muscles make up the reciprocal apparatus?

A

peroneus tertius and superficial digital flexor

49
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the peroneus tertius?

A

O: extensor fossa of femur
I: 3rd MT, 4th tarsal bone, calcaneus

50
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the SDF in regards to the reciprocal apparatus?

A

O: supracondylar fossa
I: tuber calcanei

51
Q

What is the relationship bt the stifle and the hock in regards to movement?

A

If one flexes, the other flexes; if one extends, the other extends

52
Q

What causes the hock to flex when the stifle flexes?

A

Stifle pulls on peroneus teritus insertion at the hock

53
Q

What causes the hock to extend when the stifle extends?

A

Stifle pulls hock bc of SDF insertion on tuber calcanei

54
Q

How can the peroneus tertius rupture?

A

When the stifle is flexed but the hock is extended

55
Q

When is it common doe the peroneus tertius to rupture?

A

Barrel racing with tight turns, or horse gets its shoe stuck in a halter and yanks to free its leg

56
Q

What happens to the entire limb if the patella is locked?

A

it becomes fixed

Anatomy (13 decks)

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