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Anatomy > Pelvic Limb 1 > Flashcards

Pelvic Limb 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fastest animal?

A

cheetah

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2
Q

How fast do cheetahs run?

A

65 mph

Can run 25 feet 3 times per second

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3
Q

How can cheetahs run as fast as they do?

A

They have a flexible lumbar spine, so their pelvic limbs can be brought cranial to the point of the shoulder

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4
Q

What function does the cheetah’s long tail have?

A

Acts as a rudder to maintain control and balance at full speed

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5
Q

What is the brachium homologous to on the pelvic limb?

A

thigh

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6
Q

What is the antebrachium homologous to on the pelvic limb?

A

crus

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7
Q

What is the carpus homologous to on the pelvic limb?

A

tarsus

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8
Q

What is the metacarpus homologous to on the pelvic limb?

A

metatarsus

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9
Q

What is the manus homologous to on the pelvic limb?

A

pes

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10
Q

What are the bones of the brachium/thigh?

A

humerus/femur

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11
Q

What are the bones of the antebrachium/crus?

A

radius and ulna/tibia and fibula

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12
Q

What are the bones of the carpus/tarsus?

A

carpals/tarsals

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13
Q

What are the bones of the metacarpus/metatarsus?

A

metacarpals/metatarsals

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14
Q

What are the bones of the digits called generally?

A

phalanges

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15
Q

What is plantigrade?

A

entire manus or pes contacts the ground

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16
Q

What are examples of plantigrade animals?

A

Man, armadillo, primate, bear

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17
Q

What is digitigrade?

A

Body weight is carried by the digits

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18
Q

What are examples of digitigrade animals?

A

coyote, dog, cat, cheetah

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19
Q

How many of the fastest animals are digitidrage?

A

4/10

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20
Q

What is unguligrade?

A

“Hoofed” animals, carries weight to ground through a single phalanx (P3) for each digit

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21
Q

What are examples of unguligrade animals?

A

pronghorn, horse, ox, pig, goat, sheep

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22
Q

How are limb modifications related to efficiency of locomotion?

A

As the length of the MT/MC region increases, so does efficiency
(plantigrade < digitigrade < unguligrade)

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23
Q

How many of the fastest animals are unguligrade?

A

6/10

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24
Q

How long can a cheetah maintain its speed?

A

for 300 yds

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25
Q

How fast can a pronghorn run a marathon?

A

35-40 min

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26
Q

How fast is the record marathon time for a human?

A

2 hours

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27
Q

What % of weight is on the thoracic and pelvic limbs?

A

60% thoracic, 40% pelvic

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28
Q

What is the thoracic limb used for?

A

steering and shock absorption

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29
Q

What is the pelvic limb used for?

A

motor - main limb driving the animal forward

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30
Q

What feature of the thoracic limb allows for shock absorption?

A

synsarcosis

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31
Q

What happens in the limb as you move distally?

A
  1. Restricted range of movement
  2. Only flexion and extension (no supination or pronation)
  3. More efficient in forward movement
  4. Reduction in # of bones
  5. Digits disappear
  6. Some bones fuse, some never develop
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32
Q

What about the horse’s stride at a gallop allows for support of trunk and steering?

A

Thoracic limbs are staggered/slightly offset, allows for staying on course

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33
Q

What two animals have the greater trochanter and the head of the femur at the same level?

A

dog and pig

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34
Q

What is the relationship bt the greater trochanter and head of the femur in the horse and rmt?

A

The greater trochanter is more dorsal than the head of the femur

35
Q

What is unique about the greater trochanter of the femur of the horse?

A

It has cranial and caudal parts

36
Q

What feature of the femur is unique to the horse, where is it located, and which way does it project?

A

3rd trochanter - located mid-shaft - projects laterally

37
Q

What feature of the femur do the dog and pig have that the rmt and horse do not?

A

neck

38
Q

Which trochlear ridge of the femur is larger in the horse and ox only?

A

medial

39
Q

What is special about the sartorius of the rmt?

A

It has 2 tendinous cords off of the ventral aspect of the ilium

40
Q

What is special about the adductor muscle in the rmt?

A

It is often fused with the semimembranosus muscle

41
Q

In both horse and rmt, what does the cranial gluteal n. innervate?

A

tensor fascia lata m.

42
Q

In both horse and rmt, what does the femoral n. innervate?

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus intermedius
  4. Vastus medialis
  5. Sartorius
  6. Part of the pectineus
43
Q

In both horse and rmt, what does the obturator n. innervate?

A
  1. Gracilis
  2. Adductor
  3. Part of the pectineus
44
Q

In the RMT only, what does the tibial n. innervate?

A
  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Part of the gluteobiceps
45
Q

In the RMT only, what does the caudal gluteal n. innervate?

A

Part of gluteobiceps

superficial gluteal and vertebral head of biceps femoris

46
Q

How many adductor muscles can be seen in the horse?

A

2

47
Q

In the HORSE only, what does the tibial n. innervate?

A

PELVIC part of:

  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Biceps femoris
48
Q

In the HORSE only, what does the caudal gluteal n. innervate?

A

VERTEBRAL part of:

  1. Semimembranosus
  2. Semitendinosus
  3. Biceps femoris
49
Q

What are the patellar ligaments present in the horse and ox?

A

lateral, intermediate, and medial

50
Q

What is the orientation of the origins of the patellar ligaments?

A

They are divergent, with the medial and intermediate ligaments having the greatest space bt their origins

51
Q

How many patellar ligaments does the dog have?

A

1

52
Q

Where do the patellar ligaments insert?

A

tibial tuberosity

53
Q

What is the main contributing vessel to the pelvic limb?

A

external iliac a.

54
Q

What does the deep femoral a. supply?

A

proximal limb

55
Q

What are the branches of the deep femoral a.?

A
  1. Pudendoepigastric trunk

2. Medial circumflex femoral

56
Q

What are the branches of the femoral a.?

A
  1. Superficial circumflex iliac - carnivore only
  2. Lateral circumflex femoral
  3. Saphenous
  4. Descending genicular
  5. Proximal caudal femoral
  6. Middle caudal femoral
  7. Distal caudal femoral –> only one that is ALWAYS present in the horse and ox!
57
Q

What artery marks the transition from femoral a. to popliteal a.?

A

distal caudal femoral

58
Q

What are the 2 bones of the crus, and which one is larger and weight-bearing?

A

tibia (larger and weight-bearing) and fibula - tibia is medial, fibula is lateral

59
Q

What does the fibula look like in the horse and what does it form?

A

Fuses with the tibia distally to form the lateral malleolus

60
Q

What can be seen as a separate center of ossification in the crus of the foal?

A

The lateral malleolus/distal fibula - where the tibia and fibula fuse

61
Q

What does the fibula look like in the rmt?

A

Only a small part of the fibular head remains

62
Q

What does the distal part of the rmt fibula remain as?

A

malleolar bone

63
Q

How many tarsal bones does the dog have?

A

7

64
Q

How many tarsal bones does the pig have?

A

7

65
Q

How many tarsal bones does the ox/rmt have?

A

5

66
Q

How many tarsal bones does the horse have?

A

6

67
Q

How are the tarsal bones numbered?

A

from medial to lateral

68
Q

What is the orientation of the trochlea of the talus in the horse?

A

oblique

69
Q

What bones are fused in the rmt tarsus?

A

2nd + 3rd tarsal bones

Central tarsal bone + 4th tarsal bone

70
Q

What bones are fused in the horse tarsus?

A

1st and 2nd tarsal bones

71
Q

What other bone does the trochlea of the talus receive in the horse?

A

cochlea of the tibia

72
Q

What happens when the hock of the horse flexes?

A

The distal limb drifts in a lateral direction due to the oblique nature of the talus and its articulation with the cochlea of the tibia

73
Q

What is a ray?

A

A metacarpal/metatarsal + the phalanges

74
Q

How many complete rays does the human have?

A

5

75
Q

How many phalanges does ray #1 in the human have?

A

2

76
Q

What is ray #1 in the dog?

A

dew claw - usually only present in the thoracic limb (if present in pelvic it is incomplete)

77
Q

How many complete rays does the pig have?

A

4 (#2-5)

78
Q

Which rays of the pig are dew claws?

A

2 and 5

79
Q

What rays of the pig are weight bearing?

A

3 and 4

80
Q

How many complete rays does the rmt have?

A

2 (#3 and #4)

81
Q

What rays are the dew claws in the rmt?

A

2 and 5 - on plantar aspect - usually remnants of the rays

82
Q

How many complete, weight-bearing rays does the horse have?

A

1 (#3)

83
Q

What are rays # 2 and #4 in the horse called?

A

splint bones - they are remnants of MCs/MTs

Anatomy (13 decks)

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