Pelvic Limb 4

Question 1

In the rmt, what two muscles have tendons that give off extensor branches in the distal limb?

Answer 1

Medial tendon of LoDE/CDE & lateral digital extensor tendon

Question 2

What animal has more muscle fiber in the interosseus and what happens as the animal ages?

Answer 2

Rmt; muscle fiber decreases as the animal ages

Question 3

Where do the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament of digit 3 insert in the rmt?

Answer 3

medial digital extensor tendon

Question 4

Where do the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament of digit 4 insert in the rmt?

Answer 4

lateral digital extendor tendon

Question 5

What joints of the distal rmt limb communicate?

Answer 5

Fetlock –> fetlock

Coffin and pastern joints do not communicate with the same joint on the opposite digit

Question 6

At what point do the suspensory ligaments give off their axial and abaxial extensor branches?

Answer 6

Prior to insertion on the proximal sesamoids

Question 7

What two sesamoidean ligaments are absent in the rmt?

Answer 7

straight and short sesamoidean ligaments

Question 8

How many oblique sesamoidean ligaments does the rmt have per digit?

Answer 8

1

Question 9

Of the two interdigital ligaments, which one is smaller?

Answer 9

proximal

Question 10

Where are the cruciate sesamoidean ligaments located in the rmt?

Answer 10

On either side of the medial interdigital phalangosesamoidean ligament

Question 11

Where is the proximal interdigital ligament located in the rmt?

Answer 11

Just distal to the medial interdigital phalangosesamoidean ligament

Question 12

Where is the distal interdigital ligament located/where does it insert?

Answer 12

Inserts on P2 and P3 - distalmost ligament

Question 13

What is the relationship bt the SDF tendon, the DDF tendon, and the connecting branch of the suspensory ligament?

Answer 13

SDF tendon and connecting branches meet at the fetlock, forming a cuff through which the DDF tendon can freely pass (cuff completely surrounds the DDF tendon).

Question 14

What is the deepest soft tissue structure in the distal limb?

Answer 14

Tendon of the suspensory ligament

Question 15

What ligaments hold the DDF and SDF in place?

Answer 15

annular palmar/plantar ligaments

Question 16

How many extensor retinacula do the horse and rmt have in the hock?

Answer 16

Horse = 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
Rmt = 2 (proximal, distal)
Only the horse has the middle retinaculum

Question 17

What maintains flexion and extension as the only range of movement in the hock?

Answer 17

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

Question 18

Where is the origin and insertion of the long plantar ligament?

Answer 18

O: calcaneus
I: 4th MT and part of 3rd MT

Question 19

What is the presumed function of the long plantar ligament?

Answer 19

It is thought to help counteract effects of gastrocnemius tendon insertion - helps to stabilize the hock

Question 20

Why are the synovial tendon sheaths overlying the lateral digital extensor and long digital extensor tendons at the hock clinically relevant?

Answer 20

They can become inflamed due to trauma or other reasons

Question 21

What other tendon does the lateral digital extensor tendon fuse with at the hock?

Answer 21

long digital extensor

Question 22

What joint of the hock is responsible for the majority of flexion and extension?

Answer 22

tarsocrural joint

Question 23

What are the 4 joints of the hock?

Answer 23

1. Tarsocrural (distal tibia + talus)
2. Proximal intertarsal (talus + central tarsal bones)
3. Distal intertarsal (middle tarsal bones + distal tarsal bones)
4. Tarsometatarsal (3rd tarsal bone + 3rd MT)

Question 24

What does the proximal intertarsal joint communicate with?

Answer 24

Tarsocrural joint sac

Question 25

What does the distal intertarsal joint communicate with?

Answer 25

Rarely with the proximal intertarsal joint and sometimes with the tarsometatarsal sac

Question 26

How many injections are needed to treat the hock?

Answer 26

3: 1. Tarsocrural --> proximal intertarsal 2. Distal intertarsal 3. Tarsometatarsal

Question 27

Which joint pouch of the hock is the largest and what are some characteristics of it?

Answer 27

dorsomedial; is palpable and is used to access the joint

Question 28

What are the 4 joint pouches of the hock joint?

Answer 28

1. Dorsolateral pouch 2. Lateral plantar pouch 3. Dorsomedial pouch 4. Medial plantar pouch

Question 29

Where is the insertion of the medial cranial tibial tendon in relation to the hock joint pouches?

Answer 29

It is just distal to the dorsomedial pouch

Question 30

In the horse, which two joint pouches of the stifle communicate regularly?

Answer 30

Femoropatellar and medial femorotibial

Question 31

In the horse, which two joint pouches of the stifle sometimes communicate?

Answer 31

Femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial

Question 32

How many injections do you need for stifle anesthesia in the horse?

Answer 32

3

Question 33

In the rmt, which two joint pouches of the stifle communicate regularly?

Answer 33

Femoropatellar and medial femorotibial

Question 34

In the rmt, which joint pouches of the stifle sometimes communicate?

Answer 34

Femoropatellar + lateral femorotibial | Lateral femorotibial + medial femorotibial

Question 35

How many injections do you need for stifle anesthesia in the rmt?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

What is the primary blood supply to the distal limb?

Answer 36

cranial tibial a.

Question 37

What is the secondary blood supply to the distal limb in all spp?

Answer 37

saphenous a.

Question 38

What is another secondary blood supply in the horse?

Answer 38

caudal tibial a.

Question 39

In the horse, what does the saphenous a. anastomose with?

Answer 39

branch from the distal caudal femoral a.

Question 40

How are palmar/plantar and dorsal vessels and nerves named in the distal limb?

Answer 40

``` Superficial = palmar/plantar or dorsal a/v/n Deep = palmar/plantar MC/MT or dorsal MC/MT a/v/n ```

Question 41

In the horse, what does the cranial tibial a. become at the hock?

Answer 41

dorsal pedal a.

Question 42

In the horse, what does the dorsal pedal a. release to the plantar side and what does it join with?

Answer 42

Releases proximal perforating branch that joins with the proximal deep plantar arch

Question 43

In the horse, after the dorsal pedal a. releases the proximal perforating branch, what is the vessel now called?

Answer 43

dorsal MT III

Question 44

In the horse, what is the course of dorsal MT a. III?

Answer 44

Migrates laterally in the cannon region bt MT 3 and 4, moves to plantar side bt cannon and splint bones, becomes distal perforating branch.

Question 45

In the horse, what does the saphenous a. anastomose with at the hock on the plantar side?

Answer 45

caudal tibial a.

Question 46

In the horse, where does the saphenous a. aplit and what does it give off?

Answer 46

Splits at the tuber calcanei, gives off medial and lateral plantar aa. and medial and lateral plantar MT aa. by way of the proximal deep plantar arch

Question 47

In the horse, what are the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. deep to?

Answer 47

suspensory ligament

Question 48

In the horse, what do the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. anastomose with distally?

Answer 48

distal perforating branch of dorsal MT III

Question 49

In the horse, what do the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. give off at the fetlock after they have anastomosed with the distal perforating branch of dorsal MT III?

Answer 49

medial and lateral digital aa., which then give off their own dorsal branches

Question 50

In the horse, what is the distal couse of the medial and lateral plantar aa?

Answer 50

They join the medial and lateral branches of the deep plantar MT aa. to then become the medial and lateral digital aa. at the fetlock.

Question 51

In the rmt, what does the cranial tibial a. become at the hock?

Answer 51

dorsal pedal a.

Question 52

In the rmt, what does the dorsal pedal a. give off and what does it become after that?

Answer 52

Gives off a proximal perforating branch and becomes the dorsal MT III at the cannon region

Question 53

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III run deep to and where exactly does it run?

Answer 53

Deep to the long digital extensor tendons in the groove made by the fused 3rd and 4th MT bones.

Question 54

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III give off at the distal cannon before the fetlock?

Answer 54

distal perforating branch

Question 55

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III terminate as?

Answer 55

interdigital a.

Question 56

In the rmt, what does the saphenous a. split into at the hock?

Answer 56

medial and lateral plantar aa.

Question 57

In the rmt, what do the deep branches of the saphenous a. fuse to form?

Answer 57

proximal deep plantar arch

Question 58

In the rmt, what does the proximal deep plantar arch give off?

Answer 58

plantar MT aa. II, III, and IV

Question 59

In the rmt, what is the proximal deep plantar arch deep to?

Answer 59

suspensory ligament

Question 60

In the rmt, what does the proximal deep plantar arch receive from the dorsal side?

Answer 60

proximal peforating branch

Question 61

In the rmt, what do the plantar MT II, III, and IV receive at the distal cannon?

Answer 61

distal perforating branch

Question 62

What is the clinical relevance of the interdigital a. in the rmt?

Answer 62

Need to know its location if performing toe amputations or other sx bc it is a large blood supply to this area.

Question 63

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. II a continuation of?

Answer 63

medial plantar a.

Question 64

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. III a branch of and what is important to note about it as it progresses distally?

Answer 64

medial plantar a.; it is NOT connected to the distal deep plantar arch

Question 65

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. IV a continuation of?

Answer 65

lateral plantar a.

Question 66

What vessels all come together to form the distal deep plantar arch?

Answer 66

plantar common digital aa. II and IV, plantar MT aa. II, III, and IV, distal perforating branch from dorsal MT III

Question 67

What does the interdigital a. reinforce on the plantar side of the rmt foot?

Answer 67

plantar common digital a. III

Question 68

What are the 2 branches of plantar common digital aa. III and IV?

Answer 68

axial and abaxial of each | axial/abaxial proper digital a. III; axial/abaxial proper digital a. IV