Pelvic Limb 4 Flashcards

1
Q

In the rmt, what two muscles have tendons that give off extensor branches in the distal limb?

A

Medial tendon of LoDE/CDE & lateral digital extensor tendon

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2
Q

What animal has more muscle fiber in the interosseus and what happens as the animal ages?

A

Rmt; muscle fiber decreases as the animal ages

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3
Q

Where do the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament of digit 3 insert in the rmt?

A

medial digital extensor tendon

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4
Q

Where do the extensor branches of the suspensory ligament of digit 4 insert in the rmt?

A

lateral digital extendor tendon

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5
Q

What joints of the distal rmt limb communicate?

A

Fetlock –> fetlock

Coffin and pastern joints do not communicate with the same joint on the opposite digit

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6
Q

At what point do the suspensory ligaments give off their axial and abaxial extensor branches?

A

Prior to insertion on the proximal sesamoids

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7
Q

What two sesamoidean ligaments are absent in the rmt?

A

straight and short sesamoidean ligaments

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8
Q

How many oblique sesamoidean ligaments does the rmt have per digit?

A

1

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9
Q

Of the two interdigital ligaments, which one is smaller?

A

proximal

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10
Q

Where are the cruciate sesamoidean ligaments located in the rmt?

A

On either side of the medial interdigital phalangosesamoidean ligament

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11
Q

Where is the proximal interdigital ligament located in the rmt?

A

Just distal to the medial interdigital phalangosesamoidean ligament

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12
Q

Where is the distal interdigital ligament located/where does it insert?

A

Inserts on P2 and P3 - distalmost ligament

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13
Q

What is the relationship bt the SDF tendon, the DDF tendon, and the connecting branch of the suspensory ligament?

A

SDF tendon and connecting branches meet at the fetlock, forming a cuff through which the DDF tendon can freely pass (cuff completely surrounds the DDF tendon).

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14
Q

What is the deepest soft tissue structure in the distal limb?

A

Tendon of the suspensory ligament

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15
Q

What ligaments hold the DDF and SDF in place?

A

annular palmar/plantar ligaments

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16
Q

How many extensor retinacula do the horse and rmt have in the hock?

A

Horse = 3 (proximal, middle, distal)
Rmt = 2 (proximal, distal)
Only the horse has the middle retinaculum

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17
Q

What maintains flexion and extension as the only range of movement in the hock?

A

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

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18
Q

Where is the origin and insertion of the long plantar ligament?

A

O: calcaneus
I: 4th MT and part of 3rd MT

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19
Q

What is the presumed function of the long plantar ligament?

A

It is thought to help counteract effects of gastrocnemius tendon insertion - helps to stabilize the hock

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20
Q

Why are the synovial tendon sheaths overlying the lateral digital extensor and long digital extensor tendons at the hock clinically relevant?

A

They can become inflamed due to trauma or other reasons

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21
Q

What other tendon does the lateral digital extensor tendon fuse with at the hock?

A

long digital extensor

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22
Q

What joint of the hock is responsible for the majority of flexion and extension?

A

tarsocrural joint

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23
Q

What are the 4 joints of the hock?

A
  1. Tarsocrural (distal tibia + talus)
  2. Proximal intertarsal (talus + central tarsal bones)
  3. Distal intertarsal (middle tarsal bones + distal tarsal bones)
  4. Tarsometatarsal (3rd tarsal bone + 3rd MT)
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24
Q

What does the proximal intertarsal joint communicate with?

A

Tarsocrural joint sac

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25
Q

What does the distal intertarsal joint communicate with?

A

Rarely with the proximal intertarsal joint and sometimes with the tarsometatarsal sac

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26
Q

How many injections are needed to treat the hock?

A

3:

  1. Tarsocrural –> proximal intertarsal
  2. Distal intertarsal
  3. Tarsometatarsal
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27
Q

Which joint pouch of the hock is the largest and what are some characteristics of it?

A

dorsomedial; is palpable and is used to access the joint

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28
Q

What are the 4 joint pouches of the hock joint?

A
  1. Dorsolateral pouch
  2. Lateral plantar pouch
  3. Dorsomedial pouch
  4. Medial plantar pouch
29
Q

Where is the insertion of the medial cranial tibial tendon in relation to the hock joint pouches?

A

It is just distal to the dorsomedial pouch

30
Q

In the horse, which two joint pouches of the stifle communicate regularly?

A

Femoropatellar and medial femorotibial

31
Q

In the horse, which two joint pouches of the stifle sometimes communicate?

A

Femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial

32
Q

How many injections do you need for stifle anesthesia in the horse?

A

3

33
Q

In the rmt, which two joint pouches of the stifle communicate regularly?

A

Femoropatellar and medial femorotibial

34
Q

In the rmt, which joint pouches of the stifle sometimes communicate?

A

Femoropatellar + lateral femorotibial

Lateral femorotibial + medial femorotibial

35
Q

How many injections do you need for stifle anesthesia in the rmt?

A

2

36
Q

What is the primary blood supply to the distal limb?

A

cranial tibial a.

37
Q

What is the secondary blood supply to the distal limb in all spp?

A

saphenous a.

38
Q

What is another secondary blood supply in the horse?

A

caudal tibial a.

39
Q

In the horse, what does the saphenous a. anastomose with?

A

branch from the distal caudal femoral a.

40
Q

How are palmar/plantar and dorsal vessels and nerves named in the distal limb?

A
Superficial = palmar/plantar or dorsal a/v/n
Deep = palmar/plantar MC/MT or dorsal MC/MT a/v/n
41
Q

In the horse, what does the cranial tibial a. become at the hock?

A

dorsal pedal a.

42
Q

In the horse, what does the dorsal pedal a. release to the plantar side and what does it join with?

A

Releases proximal perforating branch that joins with the proximal deep plantar arch

43
Q

In the horse, after the dorsal pedal a. releases the proximal perforating branch, what is the vessel now called?

A

dorsal MT III

44
Q

In the horse, what is the course of dorsal MT a. III?

A

Migrates laterally in the cannon region bt MT 3 and 4, moves to plantar side bt cannon and splint bones, becomes distal perforating branch.

45
Q

In the horse, what does the saphenous a. anastomose with at the hock on the plantar side?

A

caudal tibial a.

46
Q

In the horse, where does the saphenous a. aplit and what does it give off?

A

Splits at the tuber calcanei, gives off medial and lateral plantar aa. and medial and lateral plantar MT aa. by way of the proximal deep plantar arch

47
Q

In the horse, what are the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. deep to?

A

suspensory ligament

48
Q

In the horse, what do the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. anastomose with distally?

A

distal perforating branch of dorsal MT III

49
Q

In the horse, what do the medial and lateral plantar MT aa. give off at the fetlock after they have anastomosed with the distal perforating branch of dorsal MT III?

A

medial and lateral digital aa., which then give off their own dorsal branches

50
Q

In the horse, what is the distal couse of the medial and lateral plantar aa?

A

They join the medial and lateral branches of the deep plantar MT aa. to then become the medial and lateral digital aa. at the fetlock.

51
Q

In the rmt, what does the cranial tibial a. become at the hock?

A

dorsal pedal a.

52
Q

In the rmt, what does the dorsal pedal a. give off and what does it become after that?

A

Gives off a proximal perforating branch and becomes the dorsal MT III at the cannon region

53
Q

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III run deep to and where exactly does it run?

A

Deep to the long digital extensor tendons in the groove made by the fused 3rd and 4th MT bones.

54
Q

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III give off at the distal cannon before the fetlock?

A

distal perforating branch

55
Q

In the rmt, what does the dorsal MT III terminate as?

A

interdigital a.

56
Q

In the rmt, what does the saphenous a. split into at the hock?

A

medial and lateral plantar aa.

57
Q

In the rmt, what do the deep branches of the saphenous a. fuse to form?

A

proximal deep plantar arch

58
Q

In the rmt, what does the proximal deep plantar arch give off?

A

plantar MT aa. II, III, and IV

59
Q

In the rmt, what is the proximal deep plantar arch deep to?

A

suspensory ligament

60
Q

In the rmt, what does the proximal deep plantar arch receive from the dorsal side?

A

proximal peforating branch

61
Q

In the rmt, what do the plantar MT II, III, and IV receive at the distal cannon?

A

distal perforating branch

62
Q

What is the clinical relevance of the interdigital a. in the rmt?

A

Need to know its location if performing toe amputations or other sx bc it is a large blood supply to this area.

63
Q

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. II a continuation of?

A

medial plantar a.

64
Q

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. III a branch of and what is important to note about it as it progresses distally?

A

medial plantar a.; it is NOT connected to the distal deep plantar arch

65
Q

In the rmt, what is the plantar common digital a. IV a continuation of?

A

lateral plantar a.

66
Q

What vessels all come together to form the distal deep plantar arch?

A

plantar common digital aa. II and IV, plantar MT aa. II, III, and IV, distal perforating branch from dorsal MT III

67
Q

What does the interdigital a. reinforce on the plantar side of the rmt foot?

A

plantar common digital a. III

68
Q

What are the 2 branches of plantar common digital aa. III and IV?

A

axial and abaxial of each

axial/abaxial proper digital a. III; axial/abaxial proper digital a. IV