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Anatomy > Foot & Hoof > Flashcards

Foot & Hoof Flashcards

1
Q

What is the hoof a derivative of?

A

skin

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2
Q

What part of the hoof is epidermal and which is dermal?

A

Hoof capsule = epidermal; Corium = dermal

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3
Q

In the horse, what is the function of the digital cushion?

A

shock absorption

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4
Q

In the horse, what is the digital cushion made up of?

A

Collagen, fat, elastin fibers, cartilage

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5
Q

In the horse, where is the navicular bursa located?

A

Bt DDF tendon and the navicular bone

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6
Q

Why is the navicular bursa clinically relevant?

A

It is a high pressure area; anything causing inflammation here will cause great pain and can lead to lameness

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7
Q

What is the function of the impar and collateral ligaments?

A

Maintain positioning of the navicular bone

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8
Q

What does the navicular bone articulate with?

A

P2 and P3

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9
Q

In the horse, when viewing P3 from a proximal to distal view, what does it look like?

A

crescent-shaped

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10
Q

In the horse, when viewing P3 from a dorsal to palmar/plantar view, what does it look like?

A

triangle-shaped

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11
Q

What is at the apex of P3?

A

extensor process

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12
Q

What type of cartilage is the collateral cartilage of the foot?

A

hyaline-type

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13
Q

What happens to the collateral cartilage of the foot as the horse ages?

A

Becomes fibrous and can become ossified

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14
Q

What is the collateral cartilage called once it becomes ossified, and what is the clinical relevance of this?

A

side bone; pathologic, can cause a lot of pain and is palpable in a standing horse

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15
Q

Where is the collateral cartilage located in relation to the hoof capsule?

A

It extends proximal to the hoof capsule

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16
Q

What are the 2 venous plexi associated with the foot of the horse?

A

coronary plexus (smaller and more lateral) and palmar/plantar plexus (laager and more medial)

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17
Q

What connects the venous plexi in the horse foot together?

A

veins that pass through the collateral cartilage

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18
Q

What is special about the veins of the distal limb of the horse?

A

They lack valves, allowing blood to go whatever way it needs to

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19
Q

What is the primary hoof function (both epidermal and dermal parts)?

A

To transfer ground-reaction loads to the bony skeleton

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20
Q

What is the required criteria for the epidermal part of the hoof in order to properly perform its function?

A
  1. Has to be able to wear
  2. Has to resist cracks
  3. Has to be compliant
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21
Q

Why does the epidermal part of the hoof have to be compliant?

A

It helps the hoof capsule to exapand and contract with each limb cycle

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22
Q

What is the moisture content of the caudal part of the horse hoof and what does it allow for?

A

high moisture; allows for compliance

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23
Q

What are the main epidermal components of the hoof?

A
  1. Perioplic sulcus
  2. Coronary sulcus
  3. Stratum medium
  4. Stratum internum
  5. White line
  6. Sole
  7. Frog stay
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24
Q

What are the main dermal components of the hoof?

A
  1. Perioplic corium
  2. Coronary corium
  3. Laminar corium
  4. Solar corium
  5. Corium of the frog
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25
Q

What is another name for the dermal part of the hoof?

A

corium

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26
Q

What does the perioplic corium correspond to?

A

perioplic sulcus

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27
Q

What does the coronary corium correspond to?

A

coronary sulcus

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28
Q

What does the laminar corium correspond to?

A

stratum internum

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29
Q

What does the solar corium correspond to?

A

sole

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30
Q

What does the frog corium correspond to?

A

frog stay

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31
Q

What characteristic of the coffin bone allows it to carry many blood vessels?

A

It is very porous with many foramina

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32
Q

How many foramina do most coffin bones have?

A

> 200

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33
Q

What type of fibers pass from the dermal part to P3?

A

collagen

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34
Q

What is poorly developed in P3?

A

periosteum

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35
Q

Where does the dermal hoof lie?

A

Over the collateral cartilage

36
Q

What is the hoof wall?

A

The part of the hoof you see when you are looking at it

37
Q

How many layers does the hoof wall have and what are they called?

A

3; external layer, middle layer, internal layer/stratum internum

38
Q

What is another name for the external layer of the hoof wall?

A

periople

39
Q

What is another name for the middle layer of the hoof wall?

A

coronary horn

40
Q

What is another name for the internal layer of the hoof wall?

A

stratum internum or parietal horn

41
Q

What layer of the hoof wall is incomplete?

A

external

42
Q

How far down the hoof wall does the external layer extend?

A

proximal 1/3

43
Q

What is the external layer of the hoof wall high in?

A

high lipid content - helps slow the drying process of the remaining parts of the wall

44
Q

What is the thickest layer of the hoof wall?

A

middle (coronary horn)

45
Q

What is the external layer of the hoof wall derived from?

A

perioplic corium

46
Q

What is the middle layer of the hoof wall derived from?

A

coronary corium

47
Q

What is the internal layer of the hoof wall derived from?

A

laminar corium

48
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the hoof capsule?

A

wall, sole, frog, bulb

49
Q

What is the white line?

A

Non-pigmented area of the hoof that marks the junction bt the hoof wall and the sole
(it is a weak spot, seen when cutting hoof down)

50
Q

What is the bar?

A

Where the hoof wall reflects on itself

51
Q

Which way does the frog project?

A

cranially

52
Q

What are the grooves of the frog?

A

2 paracuneal grooves, 1 central groove

53
Q

What is the sole?

A

Everything bt the frog and the wall

54
Q

What part of the hoof carries the majority of the horse’s body weight?

A

the wall (stratum internum)

55
Q

What major thing happens at the coronary region?

A

Wall of the hoof is being formed

56
Q

In what direction does the hoof wall grow?

A

From the coronary region down to the ground where it gets worn

57
Q

How much new hoof is produced each month on average?

A

~6mm

58
Q

What is the most substantial part of the hoof wall?

A

stratum medium

59
Q

What projects from the coronary corium?

A

coronary papillae

60
Q

What are coronary papillae?

A

Tiny hair-like structures that fit into sockets within the epidermis

61
Q

How often does the germative cell of the stratum medium divide?

A

Every 8 hours

62
Q

What is the tubular hoof?

A

Part of the stratum medium that corresponds to papillae fitting into sockets

63
Q

What is the intertubular hoof?

A

Part of the stratum medium that isn’t associated with papillae

64
Q

Which surface of the hoof wall has horn tubules that are more closely packed?

A

external surface

65
Q

What are the lines that can be seen on the external hoof wall?

A

horn tubules

66
Q

In the horse, how is P3 related to the inner surface of the hoof wall and what is the clinical relevance?

A

It is suspended from the hoof wall; reason that the coffin bone moves in a ventral direction during laminitis

67
Q

What side of the hoof wall are blood vessels located?

A

dermal side

68
Q

Where can you find primary dermal laminae?

A

Inner hoof wall extending from the dermal side, interdigitating with primary epidermal laminae

69
Q

Where can you find primary epidermal laminae?

A

Inner hoof wall extending from the epidermal side, interdigitating with primary dermal laminae

70
Q

Where can you find secondary epidermal and dermal laminae?

A

Interdigitating bt primary dermal and primary epidermal laminae

71
Q

What type of cells can be found in the secondary laminae and what happens during laminitis?

A

Basal cells that maintain contact with the basement membrane; during laminitis the cells lose contact with the basement membrane and P3 is no longer suspended from the hoof capsule

72
Q

How many primary laminae does the horse have?

A

550-600

73
Q

How many secondary laminae does each primary laminae have?

A

150-200

74
Q

Why does the horse have so many (secondary) laminae?

A

Increased surface area to assist with shock absorption; especially helpful when horse is at a gallop and only one foot is touching the ground

75
Q

How much surface area does the horse end up with within the hoof capsule as a result of having a lot of laminae?

A

1 square meter

76
Q

What is the purpose of the arteriovenous shunt in the laminar microcirculation?

A

Allows animal to warm the distal limb in the winter time by shunting blood directly from venous to arterial side

77
Q

What species other than large animals takes advantage of the AV shunt in their legs?

A

birds

78
Q

What is the perinychium?

A

Soft covering over hoof of newborn foal, present to help buffer blows that the fetus can deliver to the mother

79
Q

How do you know when a newborn foal has walked?

A

The perinychium has worn away

80
Q

At what age should the foal be able to fill the mother’s shoe?

A

18 months

81
Q

What does the rmt lack in its hoof that the horse has?

A

frog and bar

82
Q

Where is the sole of the rmt hoof?

A

Confined in bt the axial and abaxial parts of the wall

83
Q

What are characteristics of the bulbar epidermis of the rmt?

A

Very loosely organized, easy to dig out (flaky), and is susceptible to infection

84
Q

What is the thickest part of the rmt hoof?

A

Stratum medium from the coronary cornium

85
Q

Which type of laminae does the rmt have?

A

Only primary

86
Q

How many primary laminae does the rmt have within the hoof capsule and how does it overcome this?

A

Up to 1300; does not get enough surface area but overcomes this because rmt carries its weight differently than the horse

87
Q

What is the weight bearing surface of the rmt digits?

A

More lateral = more weight-bearing (@ sole and bulb)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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