Pelvic Limb 5, Thoracic Limb 1

Question 1

In the horse, what does the superficial peroneal n. supply?

Answer 1

Only cutaneous to distal limb

Question 2

In the horse, what does the deep peroneal n. divide into and where does this happen?

Answer 2

medial and lateral dorsal MT nn. @ proximal cannon bone

Question 3

In the horse, what runs bt the medial and lateral dorsal MT nn.?

Answer 3

long digital flexor tendon

Question 4

In the horse, where do the medial and lateral dorsal MT nn. run to?

Answer 4

all the way to the coffin joint

Question 5

In the horse, what does the tibial n. divide into and where does this happen?

Answer 5

medial and lateral plantar nn. @ hock

Question 6

In the horse, what does the medial plantar n. give off below the hock and where does it course?

Answer 6

communicating branch; courses over the SDF tendon

Question 7

In the horse, which limb usually has the communicating branch from the medial plantar n. and what is the relative size?

Answer 7

thoracic limb; it is a lot larger than in the pelvic limb

Question 8

In the horse, what does the medial plantar n. terminate as and where does this happen?

Answer 8

medial digital n. after passing the fetlock

Question 9

In the horse, what does the lateral plantar n. branch into and where does this happen?

Answer 9

lateral and medial plantar MT nn.; branch at the proximal cannon bone

Question 10

In the horse, what do the lateral and medial plantar MT nn. innervate and where do they run?

Answer 10

suspensory ligament; run deep to the suspensory ligament

Question 11

In the horse, what does the lateral plantar n. terminate as and where does this happen?

Answer 11

lateral digital n. after passing the fetlock

Question 12

In the rmt, where does the superficial peroneal n. run in relation to the horse?

Answer 12

Runs more distally

Question 13

In the rmt, what does the superficial peroneal n. branch into?

Answer 13

dorsal common digital nn. II, III, IV

Question 14

In the rmt, what does the dorsal common digital n. II terminate as?

Answer 14

dorsal proper digital nn. (axial II and abaxial III)

Question 15

In the rmt, what does the dorsal common digital n. III terminate as?

Answer 15

dorsal proper digital nn. (axial III and axial IV)

Question 16

In the rmt, what does the dorsal common digital n. IV terminate as?

Answer 16

dorsal proper digital nn. (abaxial IV, axial V)

Question 17

In the rmt, what does the dorsal common digital n. III give off at the fetlock and what does it join?

Answer 17

Gives off communicating branch that joins dorsal MT n. III

Question 18

In the rmt, which dorsal common digital n. is superficial?

Answer 18

IV

Question 19

In the rmt, what is the distal course of the dorsal MT n. III?

Answer 19

Swings from dorsal to plantar aspect to join the plantar proper digital nn. (axial)

Question 20

In the rmt, what does the deep peroneal n. become and where does this happen?

Answer 20

dorsal MT n. III @ proximal cannon bone

Question 21

In the rmt, what is the peroneal n. deep to?

Answer 21

digital extensor tendons

Question 22

In the rmt, what does the tibial n. divide into?

Answer 22

medial and lateral plantar nn.

Question 23

In the rmt, what does the lateral plantar n. give off below the hock and what does it supply?

Answer 23

plantar MT n. –> interosseus m.

Question 24

In the rmt, after the lateral plantar n. gives off the plantar MT n., what does it become?

Answer 24

plantar common digital n. IV

Question 25

In the rmt, what does the plantar common digital n. IV terminate as?

Answer 25

plantar proper digital n. (abaxial IV)

Question 26

In the rmt, what does the medial plantar n. divide into at the mid-distal cannon bone?

Answer 26

plantar common digital nn. II and III

Question 27

In the rmt, what does the plantar common digital n. II terminate as?

Answer 27

plantar proper digital n. (abaxial III)

Question 28

In the rmt, what does the plantar common digital n. III terminate as?

Answer 28

plantar proper digital n. (axial III and IV)

Question 29

In the rmt, where should you block the distal limb on the dorsal side?

Answer 29

just below the hock

Question 30

In the rmt, where should you block the distal limb on the plantar side?

Answer 30

proximal to the hock

Question 31

What is the clinical significance of the ligament of the ergot in the horse and why is it important to know what this ligament is?

Answer 31

There is no clinical significance; important to know what it is bc it looks like a digital n.

Question 32

In the horse, where do the dorsal branches of the digital nn. course and what do these branches supply?

Answer 32

Bt the dorsal digital v. and a.; supply to the skin

Question 33

In the horse, if you want to target the digital n., where should you look?

Answer 33

On the plantar/palmar aspect

Question 34

In the horse distal limb below the hock, what is the order from dorsal to plantar of the digital n., v., and a. that are located here?

Answer 34

``` Dorsal = digital vein Middle = digital artery Plantar = digital nerve ```

Question 35

How is the thoracic limb oriented in comparison to the pelvic limb?

Answer 35

it is vertically-oriented whereas the pelvic limb is not

Question 36

What % of body weight is carried by the thoracic limb?

Answer 36

60%

Question 37

What are the functions of the thoracic limb?

Answer 37

Support trunk during gallop, shock absorption, and steering (thought to be)

Question 38

What species have a tuber of the scapular spine and how are they sized relatively?

Answer 38

pig (largest), horse (intermediate), ruminant (barely there)

Question 39

What species have an acromion process of the scapula?

Answer 39

dog and rmt

Question 40

What species have a cartilaginous margin to their scapula and what are the relative sizes?

Answer 40

From smallest to largest = dog, pig, horse, rmt

Question 41

What muscle inserts on the medial aspect of the scapula that has both thoracic and cervical parts? What is the function of this muscle?

Answer 41

serratus ventralis; thought to be important for shock absorption

Question 42

What muscle originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?

Answer 42

biceps brachii

Question 43

What is the function of the cartilaginous margin of the scapula?

Answer 43

flexes for shock absorption

Question 44

What species have both cranial and caudal parts to the greater tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 44

pig, ox, horse

Question 45

What species have both cranial and caudal parts to the lesser tubercle of the humerus?

Answer 45

ox and horse

Question 46

What species have an intertubercular/bicipital groove?

Answer 46

dog, pig, cat, ox

Question 47

What species have an intertubecullar tubercle?

Answer 47

ox and horse

Question 48

What courses through the intertubecular/bicipital groove?

Answer 48

Tendon of the biceps brachii m.

Question 49

In what species do the radial fossa and olecranon fossa communicate and what feature of the humerus is unique to this species?

Answer 49

dog only; supratrochlear foramen

Question 50

What feature do the antebrachial bones of the large animal possess that restricts them to only flexion and extension?

Answer 50

Radius and ulna hava some fusion with each other, so these animals are not able to supinate or pronate their antebrachium

Question 51

What is a unique characteristic of the radius and ulna of the pig?

Answer 51

They are separate bones but are in close apposition bc they have a lot of c.t. bt them

Question 52

How many spaces does the ox have bt its radius and ulna?

Answer 52

2 (proximal and distal interosseus spaces)

Question 53

How many spaces does the horse have bt its radius and ulna?

Answer 53

1 (proximal interosseus space)

Question 54

In the large animal, what feature of the distal antebrachium still appears as a secondary ossification center even though the bones are fused?

Answer 54

lateral styloid process

Question 55

In the dog, what carpal bones are fused and what is this bone called?

Answer 55

radial and intermediate carpal bones --> intermedioradial carpal bone

Question 56

In the pig, what carpal bones are fused?

Answer 56

None; they are all separate

Question 57

In the ox, which carpal bones are fused?

Answer 57

2nd and 3rd carpal bones

Question 58

In the ox, which carpal bones are absent?

Answer 58

1st carpal bone only

Question 59

In the ox, if Mc 5 is present what does it look like?

Answer 59

It is a remnant

Question 60

In the horse, which carpal bones are fused?

Answer 60

None; they are all separate

Question 61

In the horse, which carpal bones are absent and with what frequency can they be present?

Answer 61

1st carpal bone (present 20-30% of the time) | 5th carpal bone (present <20% of the time)

Question 62

In the horse, what muscle makes up the cranial margin of the shoulder?

Answer 62

subclavius m.

Question 63

What species have the subclavius m. and in which species is it largest?

Answer 63

pig and horse (large) | rmt (thin and strap-like)

Question 64

What covers the infraspinatus muscle in the large animal?

Answer 64

Aponeurosis of the deltoideus m.

Question 65

Which species only has the scapular part of the deltoideus m.?

Answer 65

horse

Question 66

Which species does not have the accessory head of the triceps brachii m.?

Answer 66

horse

Question 67

In the rmt, what heads of the triceps m. can be fused?

Answer 67

accessory and intermediate

Question 68

What is the insertion of the supraspinatus m.?

Answer 68

greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Question 69

How does the supraspinatus of the horse interact with the biceps brachii tenson?

Answer 69

tightly binds down the tendon

Question 70

What is the origin of the long head of the triceps brachii m.?

Answer 70

caudal border of scapula

Question 71

How does the insertion of the horse subclavius m. interact with the supraspinatus m.?

Answer 71

Part of the subclavius insertion is on the aponeurosis and fascia overlying the supraspinatus.

Question 72

In the horse, what is the superficial part of the biceps brachii m. called and what does it join with?

Answer 72

lacertus fibrosus; joins fascia over the extensor carpi radialis m.

Question 73

Do cattle have the lacertus fibrosus part of the biceps brachii?

Answer 73

Yes, but it is less developed than in the horse

Question 74

Where does the deep part of the biceps brachii insert?

Answer 74

radial tuberosity

Question 75

What species has a "true triceps" muscle?

Answer 75

Horse (only 3 heads)

Question 76

What does the horse's biceps muscle have that bisects it?

Answer 76

Thick band of c.t.

Question 77

What innervates the muscles of the craniolateral antebrachium?

Answer 77

radial n.

Question 78

What innervates the muscles of the caudomedial antebrachium?

Answer 78

median n. +/- ulnar n.

Question 79

What is the origin and insertion of the extensor carpi radialis?

Answer 79

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: MC bones

Question 80

What is the origin and insertion of the common digital extensor?

Answer 80

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: digits (P2 and P3)

Question 81

What is the origin and insertion of the lateral digital extensor (thoracic limb)?

Answer 81

O: proximal radius and ulna I: spp. specific

Question 82

What is the origin and insertion of the extensor carpi radialis/ulnaris lateralis?

Answer 82

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: carpal and MC bones

Question 83

What is the function of the extensor carpi ulnaris in the large animal and why?

Answer 83

It is a true flexor of the carpus due to larger component of insertion into the accessory carpal bone

Question 84

How many bellies does the common digital extensor of the pig have?

Answer 84

3 (medial, middle, lateral)

Question 85

How many bellies does the common digital extensor of the rmt have?

Answer 85

2 (medial and lateral)

Question 86

How many heads does the common digital extensor of the horse have?

Answer 86

3

Question 87

In the horse, what tendon comes off of the common digital extensor that joins the tendon of the lateral digital extensor at the hock?

Answer 87

tendon of Phillips from the radial head