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Anatomy > Birds 3 > Flashcards

Birds 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the beak?

A

tomia (maxillary and mandibular parts) and rictus (caudalmost part)

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2
Q

How are bird beaks shaped?

A

vary depending on diet

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3
Q

What material is the beak made of?

A 
Exterior = keratin
Interior = foam-like material
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4
Q

T/F: Birds have a complete hard palate

A

False; it is incomplete with a choanal slit

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5
Q

Why will birds sometimes get seeds in their nose?

A

Their hard palate is incomplete and there is no barrier between the oropharynx and the nose

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6
Q

What do birds lack in the oropharynx/mouth region that mammals have?

A

True salivary glands

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7
Q

What are some reasons that the choanal papillae can become blunted?

A

Vitamin A deficiency or chronic respiratory infections

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8
Q

What is the only spp to have intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

parrots

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9
Q

What can you use to open the beak during a physical?

A

speculums

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10
Q

What is the woodpecker tongue like?

A

wood-like; no instrinsic muscles; begins in infraorbital area and wraps all the way around the head to the mouth

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11
Q

What side is the bird esophagus on?

A

right

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12
Q

What is the crop?

A

Diverticulum associated with the esophagus that serves as a storage area; not present in all spp

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13
Q

What do some birds (i.e. pigeons) secrete from the crop?

A

Nutritive regurgitation AKA “pigeon milk”

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the avian stomach?

A
  1. Proventriculus
  2. Isthmus of the stomach
  3. Ventriculus (gizzard)
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15
Q

What is the glandular part of the avian stomach?

A

proventriculus

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16
Q

What is the function of the ventriculus?

A

Proteolysis and mechanical digestion

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17
Q

What does the ventriculus have on the inside that protects it?

A

cuticle (koilin) layer

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18
Q

What is the shape of the duodenum and what is associated with it?

A

U-shaped, has the pancreas in the middle

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19
Q

What is the Meckel’s diverticulum and why is it important?

A

Remnant of yolk sac on the antimesenteric side of the intestines; orad to it is jejunum, aborad to it is ileum

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20
Q

How many ceca do birds have?

A

2

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21
Q

What determines size of the ceca?

A

Bird’s diet; birds that eat roughage have enlarged ceca, birds that need minimal fermentation (i.e. raptors) have smaller ceca

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22
Q

What is the coprodeum?

A

First portion of the cloaca, where fecal material is stored (part of GI)

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23
Q

What is the urodeum?

A

2nd portion of cloaca, part of urogenital tract into which urine is excreted (common opening for urinary and repro systems)

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24
Q

What is the proctodeum and what structures are associated with it?

A

3rd portion of the cloaca; have the phallus, cloacal bursa, and then opens into the vent

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25
Q

How many lobes does the liver have?

A

left and right

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26
Q

Does the bird have a gall bladder?

A

Yes but it is not present in all spp

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27
Q

What is the major bile pigment in birds and what color is associated?

A

Biliverdin; reason that birds turn green instead of yellow when jaundiced

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28
Q

Where is the kidney located?

A

In the renal fossa of the ilium

29
Q

What does the testicle look like?

A

Like a mammalian kidney

30
Q

What are the parts of the kidney and how are they supplied?

A

Cranial, middle, caudal; each have their own blood supply

31
Q

Where are the testes found?

A

near cranial lobe of the kidney

32
Q

What are the 2 nephron types in birds and which is prominent?

A

cortical (prominent) and medullary

33
Q

What is the waste product from the cortical nephrons?

A

uric acid

34
Q

What is the waste product from the medullary nephrons?

A

Urine, but is not as concentrated as mammalian urine because their medulla isn’t as large as in the mammal

35
Q

What are the 3 types of bird droppings?

A

feces, urates, urine

36
Q

Where can venous blood from the pelvic limb drain into?

A

caudal vena cava and renal portal veins –> renal parenchyma

37
Q

Why do you want to avoid the pelvic limbs if giving a nephrotoxic injection?

A

Bc the pelvic limbs drain into the renal system; want to go into the pectorals instead

38
Q

What is the order of the 3 main nerves we need to know from cranial to caudal?

A

femoral, obturator, sciatic

39
Q

What is a pretty tell-tale sign that a bird has an abdominal tumor?

A

Paralysis of the sciatic nerve causing leg dysfunction/paralysis

40
Q

How many eggs can a kiwi bird lay and what does it weigh?

A

Only lays one, can be up to 25% of its body weight

41
Q

Which side of the repro tract in females regresses?

A

right

42
Q

Where does the female repro tract open into?

A

urodeum

43
Q

What are the parts of the oviduct, starting where the egg first travels?

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Magnum
  3. Isthmus of the oviduct
  4. Uterus
  5. Vagina
44
Q

What are the two parts of the infundubulum?

A

Proximal (“funnel”) and distal (“tubular”)

45
Q

What is the function of the proximal or funnel infundibulum?

A

captures the egg

46
Q

What is the function of the distal or tubular/chalaziferous infundibulum?

A

helps keep the yolk centered

47
Q

What is the longest and coiled part of the oviduct?

A

magnum

48
Q

What does the magnum secrete?

A

Majority of albumen

49
Q

What is the isthmus of the oviduct made up off and what is its function?

A

Has sulfur-containing proteins and produces inner and outer shell membranes

50
Q

What happens in the uterus?

A

It “plumps” the egg by secreting water and adds the majority of the shell

51
Q

Where is the spermatic fossulae and what is its function?

A

At the uterovaginal junction; some spp can store sperm for up to a year depending on the environment the bird lives in

52
Q

What potential systems are affected if a bird is egg bound?

A

Kidneys, nerves, and GI (cannot get rid of waste)

53
Q

How do the testes differ in size and when?

A

During breeding season are often larger/hypertrophied compared to non breeding season

54
Q

What is the shape of the ductus deferens during breeding season?

A

More coiled and hypertrophied compared to non breeding season

55
Q

What is the rete epididymis?

A

Attachment that connects with the adrenal gland; can still secrete androgens if the bird is caponized

56
Q

How can you sex a bird?

A

By looking at the ceres color, but if no distinct difference then can scope thru abdominal air sac or by genetic testing

57
Q

Where does the ductus deferens run?

A

Next to the ureter

58
Q

What is a phallus?

A

Found in males, not the same as a penis and has no urethra but is more of a groove on which secretions from the ductus deferens runs allowing for the cloacal kiss

59
Q

What is unique about the phallus of water fowl?

A

They can go outside of the cloaca; enlarges during breeding season but otherwise kept coiled up in the proctodeum

60
Q

Why are vaginas convoluted?

A

Males can be aggressive during breeding so this adaptation helps to deter males and slow the breeding process

61
Q

What % of the bird’s body weight are its eyes?

A

11-15%

62
Q

Why does the bird eye not move much?

A

They have poorly developed extraocular muscles so have to move their heads more to see things

63
Q

What are the features of the 3rd eyelid?

A

It is not passive, has a skeletal muscle that pulls it across, and originates from dorsomedial

64
Q

What is unique about the iris of the bird?

A

It has voluntary control of the iris with variable amounts of striated muscle so can control pupil size

65
Q

Does atropine cause mydriasis in birds?

A

No because of the voluntary control of the iris

66
Q

What are characteristics of the avian vitreous chamber?

A

Well developed choroid, no tapetum, and avascular retina

67
Q

What is the pecten?

A

Pigmented, pleated, vascular structure of the eye that projects from the rear surface near the optic nerve; function is unclear but is thought to provide nourishment to the retina

68
Q

What covers the optic disk?

A

pecten

Anatomy (13 decks)

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