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Third quiz Flashcards

1
Q

redness

A

rubor

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2
Q

calor

A

heat

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3
Q

tumor

A

swelling

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4
Q

dolor

A

pain

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5
Q

loss of funtion

A

functio Laesa

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6
Q

______ are present before capillaries that regulate blood flow

A

sphincters

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7
Q

Where does the exchange of nutrients take place?

A

capillaries (also the only site of gas exchange)

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8
Q

outer most part of a blood vessel is called the

A

basement membrane

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9
Q

inner layer to the basement membrane and lines the lumen

A

endothelia

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10
Q

_____ gaps in the capillaries are the where nutrient are exchanged

A

endothelial

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11
Q

Pinocytic vesicles

A

where cell digest extracellular fluid and its contents

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12
Q

two forces that pull fluid out of capillaries

A

blood osmotic pressure

tissue hydrostatic pressure

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13
Q

Components to inflammation (2)

A

vascular component

cellular component

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14
Q

vascular component to inflammation involves these two things

A

hyperemia-increased blood flow

increased permeability of blood vessels

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15
Q

What happens in the cellular component of inflammation

A

blood cells flow into site of inflammation

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16
Q

_____ tissues cannot be inflamed

A

avascular

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17
Q

Chondroitis in inflammation of what?

note- same concept applies to IVDS and lens

A

tissues surrounding!!! the cartilage

*not the actual cartilage b/c it is avascular

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18
Q

protein rich fluid that leaks blood cells into the tissues at site of injury

A

Exudate

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19
Q

specific gravity greater than 1.020

A

Exudate

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20
Q

function of Exudate

A

creates space for healing of damaged tissue

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21
Q

specific gravity less than 1.012

A

Transudate (not protein rich)

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22
Q

Exudate vs Transudate. Which one is more pathological

A

Exudate

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23
Q

Hyperemia

What does it increase?

A

increase of blood flow via quick vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation and increases the blood hydrostatic pressure

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24
Q

Hyperemia enlarges the capillaries __-__% more than normal

A

20-30%

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25
Q

slowing blood flow so that its movements in the capillary and venules stops

A

stasis

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26
Q

blood at ____ end of capillary is more viscus

A

distal

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27
Q

increased permeability of vessels is caused by

A
  1. constriction of endothelia cells inside vessel increasing gaps
  2. loss of protein into tissue (increases osmotic pressure of tissue)
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28
Q

oncotic:

A

proteins

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29
Q

Osmotic

A

solutes

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30
Q

% of blood proteins albumin

A

55% albumin

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31
Q

% of blood proteins globulins

A

40-45% (antibodies)

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32
Q

% of blood proteins fibrinogen

A

5% fibrinogen

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33
Q

benefits of inflammation

A
  1. swelling-pain makes you stop activities
  2. dissolution of toxins-makes them less damaging to tissue
  3. Exudate-brings antibodies to destroy pathogens
  4. phagocytosis to destroy pathogens
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34
Q

types of exudate

A

serous inflammation
fibrinous inflammation
suppurative (purulent) inflammation

35
Q

only fluid is allowed to escape interstitial fluid

A

serous inflammation

e.g. common cold, second degree burns/blisters

36
Q

enzymatic formation of fibrin strands

A

fibrinous inflammation (pericarditis, myocarditis, rheumatic pericarditis)

37
Q

can hear friction rubbing in heart beats

A

fibrinous inflammation of heart (fluid must be removed)

38
Q

bad type of inflammation

A

fibrinous

39
Q

presence of puss/yellowish color that can transmit disease to other parts of the body

A

suppurative/Purulent inflammation (should be removed immediately)

40
Q

Types of suppurative/purulent inflammation

A
  1. abscess
  2. cellulitis
  3. empyema
41
Q

type of purulent inflammation: localized accumulation of puss that develops at a focus when the cause can not be neutralized

A

abscess

42
Q

formation of cavity due to proteolytic enzymes

A

lung abscess

43
Q

abscess in brain

A

parameningeal abscess

44
Q

diffuse/widespread formation of suppurative inflammation

A

cellulitis

45
Q

abscess only found in pleural and dubural cavity

A

epyemal

46
Q

subdural abscess is found in the

A

arachnoid space

47
Q

passive witnesses of inflammation

A

RBCs (hemorrhagic inflammation)

48
Q

cellular factors of the exudates formation

A
  1. rbc’s adhere to eachother, making them aggregate
  2. WBCs move to the periphery of flow near endothelial cell walls of vessels… “pavementing”
  3. Leukocyte emigration (in post-capillary venules)
49
Q

blood vessels move to walls of periphery when RBCs aggregate is called

A

“pavementing”

50
Q

WBCs passing through cell membranes is called

A

DIAPEDESIS-passive process

51
Q

active (leukocyte) emigration only occurs in

A

post-capillary venules

52
Q

poly-nuclear WBCs

A

Eosinophils 2
basophils 2+
neutrophils 2

53
Q

mononuclear cells

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

54
Q

what cell is colored blue?

A

basophil

55
Q

neutrophils are more commone when?

A

first 12 hours of inflammation

56
Q

monocytes increase in number throughout the _____

A

week

57
Q

monocytes turn into macrophages when….

A

they leave the blood

58
Q

phagocytic cells

A

neutrophil Never
eosinophin Eat
monocyte Manure

59
Q

process of phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. adherence and engulfing
  3. digestion
  4. phagocytosis
60
Q

oxygen dependent mechanisms for killing an intruder (4)

A
  1. lysozyme
  2. elastase
  3. collegenase
  4. defensin
61
Q

acts like antibodies inside neutrophils

A

defensins

62
Q

oxygen dependent mechanisms for killing intruders

A

free radicals

63
Q

account for oxidative reactions

A

hydrogen peroxide

64
Q

Free radicals

A

superoxide Super
hypochlorite hy
hydrogen peroxide hydro

65
Q

Mediators, cell-derived of inflammation

A

Histamine
serotonin
substance P
Nitric Oxide

66
Q

found in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

A

histamine

67
Q

major reservoir for histamine in the body

A

mast cells/basophils

68
Q

Mast cell vs Basophil

A

Mast cell is fixated on tissue

basophils are in blood

69
Q

Functions of histamine (4)

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Increases permeability of vessels
  3. Bronchospasm
  4. increase mucous production by mucous gland in bronchioles
70
Q

Increases permeability of vessels aka

A

endothelial retraction

71
Q

narrowing of the respiratory tree

A

brochospasm

72
Q

aka “hormone of pleasure” that produces platelets and functions similar to histamine

A

serotonin

73
Q

substance P functions

A

promote production of pain
regulate blood pressure
increases permeability of BV

74
Q

produced by nervous fibers in the peripheral and Central NS and lungs and GI nervous tissue

A

Substance P

75
Q

AKA endothelial derived releasing hormone

A

Nitric Oxide

76
Q

produced by endothelial cellls of blood vessels, macrophages

brain neurons

A

Nitric oxide

77
Q

Inhibitor the cellular component of inflammation

A

Nitric Oxide

78
Q

Functions of Nirtic Oxide

A

Vasodilator

prevents recruitment of neutophil to site of inflammation, inhibits adhesion of WBCs to endothelial cells (pavementing)

79
Q

55-60% of wbcs

A

neutophils

80
Q

2-4% of wbcs

A

eosinophils (red colored)

81
Q

.5-1% of wbcs

A

basophils

82
Q

20-25% of wbcs

A

lymphocytes

83
Q

4-8% in circulation

A

monocytes

84
Q

chronic granulomatous

A

rare, found in TB and leprosy
usually due to microbacteria
multinucleated giant cells found combining macrophages
has fibroblasts in out area of fibrous tissue

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