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MT-healing Flashcards

1
Q

most organs of the body are formed by “functional cells” called_____

A

parenchyma

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2
Q

parenchyma are bounded to together by connective tissue that forms the ______

A

stroma

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3
Q

When tissue is replaced from the parenchyma the process is called ______

A

regeneration

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4
Q

when fibrous scar tissue fills the gap left by the loss of damaged tissue it is called ____

A

repair

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5
Q

components of healing (4)

A

regeneration
repair
revascularization
surface restoration

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6
Q

the formation of new ____ channels is important to healing

A

vascular

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7
Q

when cells lost through injury are replaced via mitosis of adjacent parenchymal cells….

A

regeneration

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8
Q

regeneration is and ideal response to injury because…..

A

new tissue assumes normal functions

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9
Q

not all tissues in the body possess the same degree of ______ capacity

A

regenerative

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10
Q

in terms of regeneration, there are 3 types of tissue

A

labile
stable
permanent

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11
Q

_____ tissues must divide continually to replace cells that are being depleted by normal processes

A

labile

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12
Q

examples of labile tissue

A

skin, mucous membranes, linings of ducts, red bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

_____ tissue, regeneration involves accelerating the normal mitotic rate

A

labile

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14
Q

_____ tissue are those that divide slowly post adolescence

A

Stable

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15
Q

stable tissue examples

A 
glands
liver
osteoblasts
smooth muscle fibers
vascular endothelium
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16
Q

Regeneration in stable tissue is organized in a pattern dictated by the _____

A

stroma

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17
Q

disorderly regeneration process results in ______ tissue configuration typically involves ______ deficiency

A

abnormal, functional

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18
Q

in labile tissue the number of actively dividing cells is ___% or greater

A

1.5%

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19
Q

in _____ tissue, the number of dividing cells is less than 1.5%

A

stable

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20
Q

the loss of _____ tissue results in functional loss. this is because mitotic activity stops at ____

A

functional, birth

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21
Q

examples of permanent tissue

A

nervous tissue

cardiac/skeletal muscle

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22
Q

permanent tissues are replaced by

A

scar tissue

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23
Q

stable cells can _____ the division cycle but only with the appropriate ______

A

reenter, growth stimulus

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24
Q

healing by____ is the process of laying down fibrous connective tissue

A

repair

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25
Q

repair restores _______ and _____ but not function

A

strength and structural integrity

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26
Q

scares are form by a process called

A

fibrosis

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27
Q

_____ cells make collagen fibers

A

fibroblasts

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28
Q

fibroblasts are present in the ___ tissue of the organs ____

A

CT, stroma

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29
Q

are resistant to damage

A

fibroblasts

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30
Q

fundamental subunit for formation of collagen

A

procollagen

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31
Q

procollagen + procollegen

A

long filament of collagen

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32
Q

long filament of collagen X many long filaments of collagen

A

collagen fiber bundles

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33
Q

newly formed collagen is weak until ___ days post injury

A

5

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34
Q

Cross linking of collagen fibers occur via ______ bonds between _____ fibers

A

chemical, adjacent

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35
Q

tensile strength of collagen matches that of

A

cast iron

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36
Q

tensile strength continues to increase in fibrous repair tissue after collagen production stops because….

A

it realigns it’s orientation along the lines of stress

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37
Q

extracellular matrix is where

A

process of scaring occurs

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38
Q

lots of protein with small carbo portion

A

glycoproteins

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39
Q

lots of carbs with little protein

A

proteoglycans (mucopolysacccharides)

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40
Q

ECM helps scar formation by

A

helping form a well anchored scar

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41
Q

plasma fibrinogen gets converted to ______, forming a _____ that entraps blood and tissue debris

A

fibrin, mesh

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42
Q

___ must be removed for healing process to be complete

A

clot

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43
Q

the elimination of the clot by phagocytosis (or necrotic tissue) and its replacement of scar tissue is called ______

A

organization

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44
Q

production of new blood vessels to supply and drain the site of damage is called

A

revascularization

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45
Q

______ occurs in the exudate at the damage site

A

revascularization

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46
Q

exudate takes on the characteristic pink and granular appearance, hence called ______ tissue

A

grannulation

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47
Q

_____ is dependent of the organization of the granulation tissue

A

repair

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48
Q

______ tissue is a transition material in which fibrosis and revascularization are favored

A

grannulation

49
Q

new capillaries are formed from intact vessels _____ to the wound site

A

adjacent

50
Q

dividing endothelial cells from adjacent capillaries project into the damaged area to form ______

A

endothelial buds (or cords)

51
Q

vessel walls are built from the ______ _____

A

inside out

52
Q

newly formed vessels are more

A

permeable

53
Q

starts later and ends slower when compared to revascularization of blood vessels

A

lymphatic drainage

54
Q

new endothelial buds of blood capillaries never link up with those coming from

A

lymphatic vessels

55
Q

healing region has high

A

metabolic demand = more pink

56
Q

links to vasomotor neurons develop and _____ nervous control of new vessels

A

restores

57
Q

in surface restoration a zone of ______ developers near the wound edge.

A

active mitosis

58
Q

primary healing describes healing of a

A

incision

59
Q

clot functions

A

limits blood loss
seals wound from dehydration
protects agains microbes
provides stabilization for repair fibters

60
Q

_____ digests the clot

A

macrophages via enzyme release

61
Q

as macrophages digest the clot the ______ is released from RBCs and contribute to early discoloration

A

hemoglobin

62
Q

granulation, revascularization and fibroblast activity start happening well with in

A

2 days

63
Q

__ -___ days stitches are removed

A

6-8

64
Q

resumption of _____ formation causes loosening of the scab, allowing it to easily separate from newly restored surface

A

keratin

65
Q

melanocytes cannot ______ so they are not replaced (that is why the scar is lighter on the epidermis)

A

regenerate

66
Q

the strength of fully healed skin never reaches its ______ level

A

preinjury

67
Q

@ 5 days the new skin is ____ of original strength

A

10%

68
Q

@ two months the new skin is ____ of original strength

A

1/3

69
Q

@ 3 months the new skin is ____ of original strength

A

70-80% (max strength)

70
Q

Secondary healing

A

is seen in wounds whose edges are not closely opposed

71
Q

wounds that require secondary healing are _____ and _____

A

larger, produce more debris

72
Q

secondary healing takes _____ than primary healing

A

longer

73
Q

wound contraction

A

reduces the size of the gap the granulation tissue must fill and area the new epithelium must restore

74
Q

mechanism of underlying wound contraction depends on a specialized cell called a _______

A

myofibroblast (has contractile capability while resembling a fibroblast)

75
Q

myofibroblast start by _____ to other cells or fibrous structures at the margins of the wound

A

anchoring

76
Q

a ____ wound leaves more surface to restore

A

circular

77
Q

myofibroblasts align themselves so that they contract in a direction at ______ angles to the _______ center

A

right, geometric

78
Q

when bone heals it forms new tissue and returns to _____ strength at point of damage

A

original

79
Q

when the _____ is torn blood bleeds ino the surrounding tissue

A

periosteum

80
Q

first stage of bone healing involves removal of ______ blood

A

clotted

81
Q

initial stage of bone healing ______ migrate from the periostium and endosteium

A

osteoblasts

82
Q

early second stage of healing_____ lay down dense collagen and cartilage resulting in a ______ mass

A

osteoblasts, fibrocartilaginous mass (akas soft callus/osteoid)

83
Q

fibrocartilaginout mass provides _____ of the fracture

A

stabilization

84
Q

______ is ossified by osteoblasts and forms a hard callus

A

osteoid (solf callus),

85
Q

the third stage is _____ of the hard callus

A

remodeling

86
Q

the third stage involves both _____ and _____

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

87
Q

stage 1 ___ days
stage 2
stage 3

A

4-5 days
3 weeks
months to years

88
Q

damaged neurons are replaced by ____

A

gliosis

89
Q

gliosis is the ____ of neuroglia

A

proliferration

90
Q

no function is restored with partial or inadaquate axon ______

A

regeneration

91
Q

the ____ only part of a myelinated neuros process is lost the damage the lost portion can regenerate is the supporting connective tissue and ______ remain intact along the original path of the neuron process

A

PNS, Schwann cells

92
Q

regeneration of neurons cannot replace any _____ sensory receptors, this results in restoration of ____ but not _____

A

specialized, motor, sensory

93
Q

when _____ connective tissue is lost throught injury the necessary guidance for the gowth of new sprouts is lacking and the _____ oft he axon or dendrite does not occur

A

nerve’s, regeneration

94
Q

when an entire nerve is severed. regeneration of its neurons processes may occur if the _____ ends are aligned and promply sutured

A

opposite

95
Q

if the nerve ends remain separated, the distal processes

A

degenerate

96
Q

traumatic neuroma

A

disorganized tangle of axons and scare tissue that is usually quite painful

97
Q

regeneration occurs in ____ muscle but not ____

A

smooth, skeletal

98
Q

complication of healing

A 
contracture
adhesions
dehiscence
keloids
proud flesh
99
Q

______ may limit mobility

A

contracture

100
Q

______ is a contracture that constricts lumen of an organ

A

stricture (can even lead to stasis)

101
Q

stricture of fallopian tube can lead to

A

sterility

102
Q

stricture of intestines can lead to

A

perferation of the wall

103
Q

Dehiscence

A

breaking up of a healing wound because of pressure

104
Q

the abdominal wall is the most common site of ____

A

dehiscence

105
Q

chances for dehiscence is greatly increased with ______

A

Paroxysms (coughing, vomiting, diarrhea)

106
Q

dehiscence can lead to _____

A

hernia

107
Q

Irregular masses of scar tissue

A

keloids

108
Q

excessive release of ____ or super sensitivitiy can lead to keloid formation

A

TGF-B (transforming growth factor beta)

109
Q

secreted by macrophages at site of injury

A

TGF-B (transforming growth factor beta)

110
Q

TGF-B (transforming growth factor beta) function

A

proliferation of fibroblasts

111
Q

overproduction of granulation tissue

A

proud flesh

112
Q

when skin is pulled off with surgical material ____ which is normally at the surface of the skin is stuck deep into the dermis causeing

A

keratin, suture complications

113
Q

cortico-steroids can _____ chances of infection

A

increase

114
Q

movement near wound _____ or ____ healing

A

delays, prevents

115
Q

non union or fibrous union occures when _____ is not ossified

A

osteoid

116
Q

immobility is especially important for

A

muscle and tendon regeneration

117
Q

animo acid _______ is required for normal healing because _____ need it for forming extra cellular matrix

A

methionine, proteoglycans

118
Q

_____ is important for enzymes

A

zinc

119
Q

AAs to procollagen needs

A

vitamin C

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