Third quiz #2 Flashcards
Exogenous pigments (2)
coal
tattoo
Miners inhale coal dust, coats bronchioles, lungs, gets into lymph nodes that causes (2)
anthracosis
coal workers pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis means pathology in the lungs caused by ___ after inhaling some particles
scarring(fibrosis)
____ is the most common pathological pigment
coal
Endogenous pigment(3)
Melanin
hemosiderin
Copper
Only normal black pigment in the body is _____
melanin
_____ is a black pigment but is is pathologica
Homogentisic acid
_____ accumulates in tissues where there is a local or systemic excess of iron and represents large aggregates of _____
Hemosiderin, ferretin micelles
_____ is associated with deposition of hemosiderin in organs and tissues and causes a systemic overload in iron. The ____ of theses tissues is not effected and can change the ____ of the organ
Hemosiderosis, function, pigment
_____ is up to 50 grams of iron in the body (____ grams is normal) and causes damage to the pancreas and liver
Hemochromatosis, 2-6
Hemochromatosis is aka ____
primary hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis involves an increase absorption of iron in the ____ and is 7:1 more prevalent in ____
GI tract, males
Secondary hemochromatosis can occur because of a (4
blood transfusion, malaria, hemolytic anemia, Bantu siderosis
Iron increases the production of ____
connective tissue
There is a ____ times more chance of liver cancer if you have hemochromatosis
20x
Liver cirrhosis happens because of stimulation of ____ formation by ____
scar tissue, iron
In the pancreas, iron kills the islets resulting in _____
diabetes
Iron can interfere with DNA, and any interference to DNA causes _____, so hemochromatosis can cause _____
neoplasm(tumor, growth), hematoma
_____ is a secondary hemochromatosis that derives from drinking alcoholic beverages that have been stored in iron barrels
Bantu siderosis
Bantu siderosis symptoms (6)
abdominal pain hyperpigmentation of the skin hepatomegaly arrhythmia liver cirrhosis diabetes mellitus
Hemochromatosis can cause ____, which is the lysis of RBC’s
hemolytic anemia
Excess Copper is called _____ disease, aka _____
Wilson’s disease, hepatolenticular degeneration
Normally, Copper gets absorbed, goes to ____, binds to _____ forming ceruloplasmin which goes into blood, then goes back to _____ to be excreted with _____
liver, Alpha 2 globulin, liver, bile
In Wilson’s disease, the _____ does not leave the liver. To determine the Copper levels in the body we test for ____ levels
ceruloplasmin, ceruloplasmin
In Wilson’s disease, the first place to be affected is the ____, second is the ____, and third place is the_____
liver, brain, eyes
In the liver, excess copper causes _____. In the brain it acts on the _____ in the midbrain which regulates motor function, creating ____-like effects
liver fibrosis, putamen nucleus(midbrain ganglia), parkinson
The deposit of Copper in the ____ of the cornea is called ______
limbus, Kayser-Fleisher rings
Treatmnet of Wilson’s disease is to use ____, is dangerous because of ____ effects that inhibit cell replication
D-penicillamine, cytolytic
___ is a form of coagulative necrosis and characterized by the presence of noxious products of anaerobic bacterial metabolism
Gangrene
____ is a condition when coagulation is sustained, _____is when phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction
Dry gangrene, Wet gangrene
____ is the lack of blood supply to a tissue
Ischemia
Dry gangrene is similar to _____
coagulative necrosis
Dry gangrene can occur in distal parts of the finger with _____. Wet gangrene in the distal parts of the fingers in ______
systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma, polyarteritis nedosa
______ is gangrene of the blood vessel lining that has decreased blood flow to areas normally supplied by affected vessels, leads to naked bones
Polyarteritis nedosa
This dry gangrene disease in smokers results in ateries and nerves being obstructed
Thromboangitis obliteran
Thromboangitis obliterans is aka _____
Buerger’s disease
Wet gangrene can have these 2 anaerobic bacteria present
Clostridium perfringes, bacillus fusiformis
____ is bacterial infection that produces gases within tissue, usually caused by anaerobic bacteria (2)
Gas gangrene
clostridium perfringes, streptococci
Gangrene is used to descibe necrosis of the ____ and _____ only
extremities, intestine(small usually)
Having ____ can also develop wet gangrene due to excess pressure reducing blood flow causing cell death
bed sores
Types of dystrophic calcification (4)
Ghon’s focus, Systemic sclerosis, rheumatic fever, atherosclerosis
____ is the deposition of calcium salt into necrotic tissue and may or may not be associated with hypercalcemia
Dystrophic calcification
An example of dystrophic calcification is when TB results in caseous necrosis, the bacteria is surrounded by the body’s defense called ____ which gets calcified by dystrophic calcification. This is a sign that the TB has been killed.
Ghon’s focus(aka primary tuberculosis complex)
Atheroma is necrotic accumulation, builds up calcium deposits, which causes _____. Systemic sclerodoma(systemic sclerosis), is the overactivity of ____ that produce excess connective tissue. In the skin of the hand it causes a condition known as _____
atherosclerosis, fibroblasts, sclerodactyl(claw like hands)
______ involves the calcification of necrotic aortic valves
Rheumatic heart disease (Rheumatic fever)
_____ is the deposition of calcium into normal tissue(ex: kidney stones) and _____ is usually needed for it to happen. It turns tissue to necrotic or atrophic.
Metastatic calcification, hypercalcemia
causes of metastatic calcification (5)
increased secretion of PTH destruction of bone Vit D related disorders sarcoidosis renal failure
Destruction of bone(3)
accelerated turnover
immobilization
tumors
With destruction of bone, accelerated turnover is called _____
Paget’s disease
Immobilization results in ____
osteoporosis
Tumors (3)
multiple myeloma
leukemia
multiple skeletal metastasis
Vitamin ___ increases absorption of calcium
D
Renal failure occurs in ____
secondary hyperparathyroidism
____ is a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated intracellular program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell’s own DNA
Apoptosis
Normal apoptosis (3)
- programmed cell death during embryogenesis
- hormone dependent involution (menstruation)
- cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells(to combat virus/cancer cells)
Abnormal apoptosis (2)
- cell injury in certain viral diseases
- death of neutrophils in acute inflammatory response
___ is most susceptible to ischemia, followed by ___. The ____ is not very susceptible to ishemia
Brain, myocardium, liver
Other areas susceptible to ishemia (3)
kidneys
spleen
lung
The brain requires ____% of the body’s O₂ supply
20%
Tissues with a high mitosis rate are susceptible to _____
ionizing radiation
