Third quiz #2

Question 1

Exogenous pigments (2)

Answer 1

coal

tattoo

Question 2

Miners inhale coal dust, coats bronchioles, lungs, gets into lymph nodes that causes (2)

Answer 2

anthracosis

coal workers pneumoconiosis

Question 3

Pneumoconiosis means pathology in the lungs caused by ___ after inhaling some particles

Answer 3

scarring(fibrosis)

Question 4

____ is the most common pathological pigment

Answer 4

coal

Question 5

Endogenous pigment(3)

Answer 5

Melanin
hemosiderin
Copper

Question 6

Only normal black pigment in the body is _____

Answer 6

melanin

Question 7

_____ is a black pigment but is is pathologica

Answer 7

Homogentisic acid

Question 8

_____ accumulates in tissues where there is a local or systemic excess of iron and represents large aggregates of _____

Answer 8

Hemosiderin, ferretin micelles

Question 9

_____ is associated with deposition of hemosiderin in organs and tissues and causes a systemic overload in iron. The ____ of theses tissues is not effected and can change the ____ of the organ

Answer 9

Hemosiderosis, function, pigment

Question 10

_____ is up to 50 grams of iron in the body (____ grams is normal) and causes damage to the pancreas and liver

Answer 10

Hemochromatosis, 2-6

Question 11

Hemochromatosis is aka ____

Answer 11

primary hemochromatosis

Question 12

Hemochromatosis involves an increase absorption of iron in the ____ and is 7:1 more prevalent in ____

Answer 12

GI tract, males

Question 13

Secondary hemochromatosis can occur because of a (4

Answer 13

blood transfusion, malaria, hemolytic anemia, Bantu siderosis

Question 14

Iron increases the production of ____

Answer 14

connective tissue

Question 15

There is a ____ times more chance of liver cancer if you have hemochromatosis

Answer 15

20x

Question 16

Liver cirrhosis happens because of stimulation of ____ formation by ____

Answer 16

scar tissue, iron

Question 17

In the pancreas, iron kills the islets resulting in _____

Answer 17

diabetes

Question 18

Iron can interfere with DNA, and any interference to DNA causes _____, so hemochromatosis can cause _____

Answer 18

neoplasm(tumor, growth), hematoma

Question 19

_____ is a secondary hemochromatosis that derives from drinking alcoholic beverages that have been stored in iron barrels

Answer 19

Bantu siderosis

Question 20

Bantu siderosis symptoms (6)

Answer 20

abdominal pain
hyperpigmentation of the skin
hepatomegaly
arrhythmia
liver cirrhosis
diabetes mellitus

Question 21

Hemochromatosis can cause ____, which is the lysis of RBC’s

Answer 21

hemolytic anemia

Question 22

Excess Copper is called _____ disease, aka _____

Answer 22

Wilson’s disease, hepatolenticular degeneration

Question 23

Normally, Copper gets absorbed, goes to ____, binds to _____ forming ceruloplasmin which goes into blood, then goes back to _____ to be excreted with _____

Answer 23

liver, Alpha 2 globulin, liver, bile

Question 24

In Wilson’s disease, the _____ does not leave the liver. To determine the Copper levels in the body we test for ____ levels

Answer 24

ceruloplasmin, ceruloplasmin

Question 25

In Wilson's disease, the first place to be affected is the ____, second is the ____, and third place is the_____

Answer 25

liver, brain, eyes

Question 26

In the liver, excess copper causes _____. In the brain it acts on the _____ in the midbrain which regulates motor function, creating ____-like effects

Answer 26

liver fibrosis, putamen nucleus(midbrain ganglia), parkinson

Question 27

The deposit of Copper in the ____ of the cornea is called ______

Answer 27

limbus, Kayser-Fleisher rings

Question 28

Treatmnet of Wilson's disease is to use ____, is dangerous because of ____ effects that inhibit cell replication

Answer 28

D-penicillamine, cytolytic

Question 29

___ is a form of coagulative necrosis and characterized by the presence of noxious products of anaerobic bacterial metabolism

Answer 29

Gangrene

Question 30

____ is a condition when coagulation is sustained, _____is when phagocytic cells break down the necrotic debris and produce some liquefaction

Answer 30

Dry gangrene, Wet gangrene

Question 31

____ is the lack of blood supply to a tissue

Answer 31

Ischemia

Question 32

Dry gangrene is similar to _____

Answer 32

coagulative necrosis

Question 33

Dry gangrene can occur in distal parts of the finger with _____. Wet gangrene in the distal parts of the fingers in ______

Answer 33

systemic sclerosis aka scleroderma, polyarteritis nedosa

Question 34

______ is gangrene of the blood vessel lining that has decreased blood flow to areas normally supplied by affected vessels, leads to naked bones

Answer 34

Polyarteritis nedosa

Question 35

This dry gangrene disease in smokers results in ateries and nerves being obstructed

Answer 35

Thromboangitis obliteran

Question 36

Thromboangitis obliterans is aka _____

Answer 36

Buerger's disease

Question 37

Wet gangrene can have these 2 anaerobic bacteria present

Answer 37

Clostridium perfringes, bacillus fusiformis

Question 38

____ is bacterial infection that produces gases within tissue, usually caused by anaerobic bacteria (2)

Answer 38

Gas gangrene | clostridium perfringes, streptococci

Question 39

Gangrene is used to descibe necrosis of the ____ and _____ only

Answer 39

extremities, intestine(small usually)

Question 40

Having ____ can also develop wet gangrene due to excess pressure reducing blood flow causing cell death

Answer 40

bed sores

Question 41

Types of dystrophic calcification (4)

Answer 41

Ghon's focus, Systemic sclerosis, rheumatic fever, atherosclerosis 

Question 42

____ is the deposition of calcium salt into necrotic tissue and may or may not be associated with hypercalcemia

Answer 42

Dystrophic calcification

Question 43

An example of dystrophic calcification is when TB results in caseous necrosis, the bacteria is surrounded by the body's defense called ____ which gets calcified by dystrophic calcification. This is a sign that the TB has been killed.

Answer 43

Ghon's focus(aka primary tuberculosis complex)

Question 44

Atheroma is necrotic accumulation, builds up calcium deposits, which causes _____. Systemic sclerodoma(systemic sclerosis), is the overactivity of ____ that produce excess connective tissue. In the skin of the hand it causes a condition known as _____

Answer 44

atherosclerosis, fibroblasts, sclerodactyl(claw like hands)

Question 45

______ involves the calcification of necrotic aortic valves

Answer 45

Rheumatic heart disease (Rheumatic fever)

Question 46

_____ is the deposition of calcium into normal tissue(ex: kidney stones) and _____ is usually needed for it to happen. It turns tissue to necrotic or atrophic.

Answer 46

Metastatic calcification, hypercalcemia

Question 47

causes of metastatic calcification (5)

Answer 47

``` increased secretion of PTH destruction of bone Vit D related disorders sarcoidosis renal failure ```

Question 48

Destruction of bone(3)

Answer 48

accelerated turnover immobilization tumors

Question 49

With destruction of bone, accelerated turnover is called _____

Answer 49

Paget's disease

Question 50

Immobilization results in ____

Answer 50

osteoporosis

Question 51

Tumors (3)

Answer 51

multiple myeloma leukemia multiple skeletal metastasis

Question 52

Vitamin ___ increases absorption of calcium

Answer 52

D

Question 53

Renal failure occurs in ____

Answer 53

secondary hyperparathyroidism

Question 54

____ is a pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated intracellular program in which cells destined to die activate enzymes that degrade the cell's own DNA

Answer 54

Apoptosis

Question 55

Normal apoptosis (3)

Answer 55

- programmed cell death during embryogenesis - hormone dependent involution (menstruation) - cell death induced by cytotoxic T-cells(to combat virus/cancer cells)

Question 56

Abnormal apoptosis (2)

Answer 56

- cell injury in certain viral diseases | - death of neutrophils in acute inflammatory response

Question 57

___ is most susceptible to ischemia, followed by ___. The ____ is not very susceptible to ishemia

Answer 57

Brain, myocardium, liver

Question 58

Other areas susceptible to ishemia (3)

Answer 58

kidneys spleen lung

Question 59

The brain requires ____% of the body's O₂ supply

Answer 59

20%

Question 60

Tissues with a high mitosis rate are susceptible to _____

Answer 60

ionizing radiation