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first quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical exogenous toxins (2)

A

CCl₄(carbon tetrachloride, bad for hepatocytes)

alcohol

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2
Q

Endogenous toxins (3)

A

Genetic
Ionizing radiation
accumulation of metabolic by products

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3
Q

Genetic toxins can occur via (2)

A

accumulation of normal metabolites

activation of an alternative pathway

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4
Q

When homogentisic acid builds up in the IVD cartilage, it is called _____

A

ochronosis

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5
Q

The activation of the alternate pathways produces these toxins (3)

A

phenyl pyruvic acid
phenyl lactic acid
phenyl acetic acid

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6
Q

_____ happens when homogentisic acid cannot be converted in the intermediate steps of phenylalanine metabolism

A

alkaptonuria

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7
Q

____ is the only disease that is characterized by the calcification of IVD’s

A

Alkaptonuria

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8
Q

Symptoms of alkaptonuria (2)

A
  • urine that turns black after 40 minutes of contact with air
  • Blue ears
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9
Q

With ______, the enzyme is missing to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, so phenylalanine is converted to ketones which build up in the blood which causes brain damage

A

phenylketonuria

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10
Q

With Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine coverts to ketones which build up in the blood as _______

A

phenylpyruvic acid

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11
Q

_____ bacteria produce metabolic wastes that are toxic to our system

A

Gram

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12
Q

Ionizing radiation produces free radicals which destroys _____

A

phospholipids

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13
Q

The most susceptible to ionizing radiation in the body are (3)

A

DNA
cell proteins
membrane lipids

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14
Q

Ionizing radiation affects _____, and thus function

A

cell structure

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15
Q

_____ is a disorder associated with the accumulation of metabolic by-products

A

gout

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16
Q

Gout is associated with the increase production and/or decrease elimination of _____

A

uric acid

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17
Q

Mechanism of gouty arthritis:
Increase of uric acid in the blood, _____ try to eliminate the uric acid crystals which destroys them and releases enzymes into the blood.

A

phagocytes

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18
Q

The uric acid crystals eventually go to the bone, especially the ______

A

first metatarsal-pharyngeal joint (big toe)

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19
Q

Gout invades the joints, not soft tissue, but you can see tophus in soft tissue, which are small round pellets especially found on the ____ and the ___

A

olecranon process, ear

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20
Q

Gout in the _____ is the most lethal, and has a very slow progression(up to 20 years)

A

Kidney(tophus)

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21
Q

______ is the loss of structural integrity via physical injury which leads to the interference of cell function

A

trauma

22
Q

Types of cell trauma (5

A 
direct contact
hypothermia
hyperthermia
mechanical pressure
microorganisms
23
Q

Direct contact cell injury happens ______. Examples:

A

mechanically; battle sign, racoon eyes

24
Q

With hypothermia, cells _____ because of the water and breaks the cell membrane

A

expand

25
Q

Hyperthermia (3)

A

fire
high dosage of ionizing radiation
electric curren

26
Q

____ is an example of both trauma and an endogenous toxin

A

Ionizing radiation

27
Q

Exposure to high temperatures means above _____˚C

A

42˚C

28
Q

Mechanical pressures (4)

A

tumor
aneurysm(cerebral arteries near bifuraction common site)
high intensity sound
stones

29
Q

Pressure can result in pressure _____ because the cells cannot resist the pressure

A

atrophy

30
Q

High intensity sound results in the compression of the _____ in the ear

A

nerve endings

31
Q

______ grow inside and burst cells

A

Microorganisms

32
Q

Microorganism cell trauma examples (3)

A

malaria plasmodium(anaphelus mosquito)
echinococcus cyst
viruses

33
Q

Malaria plasmodium ruptures _____ every 2-4 days

A

rbcs

34
Q

Echinococcus cyst is usually found in (3) in the body and it is caused by eating infected meat

A

liver
kidney
brain

35
Q

changes in cell categories

A

functional reversible
structural reversible
irreversible

36
Q

Cell membrane affects the _____ of the cell, and sometimes functional changes causes ______ changes

A

function, anatomical

37
Q

Functional reversible changes are (2)

A

1) cell accumulations 2)tissue accumulations

38
Q

Cell and tissue accumulations (3)

A

hydropic change
steatosis
residual bodies

39
Q

Hydropic changes examples (2)

A

hydropic degeneration

cloudy swelling

40
Q

Hydropic changes causes the inability of the cell to produce enough _____. This forces water inside the cell, and if this happens in the kidney tubule, water goes into the tubule decreasing the size of the ______

A

TP, lumen Poiseulle’s Law(4th power of the radius)

41
Q

Steatosis refers to the accumulation of triaglycerides in the ___ cells which compress the cell contents moving them to the periphery which can cause the cell to rupture

A

parenchymal

42
Q

steatosis causes (5)

A 
malnutriton
alcoholism
diabetes mellitus
obesity
anoxia
43
Q

Alcoholism causes ____ to accumulate and makes the hepatocytes swell

A

FFAs

44
Q

With anoxia, the lack of oxygen restricts the reaction to make _____

A

lipoproteins

45
Q

With malnutrition , the lack of ____ make it difficult to produce lipoproteins

A

proteins

46
Q

_____ are fragments of bacteria or cellular organelles found in an injured cell that the cell failed to digest either due to cellular dysfunction, or resistance of some bacteria to lysosomal enzymes

A

Residual bodies

47
Q

_____ are related to the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles

A

Residual bodies

48
Q

Residual bodies are indicators that the cell was _____ but _____

A

injured, recovered

49
Q

_____ are parts of subcellular membranes that are indigestible, it is a pigment of aging, “brown atrophy”

A

Lipofuscin aka lipochrome

50
Q

Lipofuscin represents complexes of proteins and lipids that are derived from the free radical peroxidation of ______ of subcellular membranes

A

polyunsaturated lipids

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