first quiz 2

Question 1

Chemical exogenous toxins (2)

Answer 1

CCl₄(carbon tetrachloride, bad for hepatocytes)

alcohol

Question 2

Endogenous toxins (3)

Answer 2

Genetic
Ionizing radiation
accumulation of metabolic by products

Question 3

Genetic toxins can occur via (2)

Answer 3

accumulation of normal metabolites

activation of an alternative pathway

Question 4

When homogentisic acid builds up in the IVD cartilage, it is called _____

Answer 4

ochronosis

Question 5

The activation of the alternate pathways produces these toxins (3)

Answer 5

phenyl pyruvic acid
phenyl lactic acid
phenyl acetic acid

Question 6

_____ happens when homogentisic acid cannot be converted in the intermediate steps of phenylalanine metabolism

Answer 6

alkaptonuria

Question 7

____ is the only disease that is characterized by the calcification of IVD’s

Answer 7

Alkaptonuria

Question 8

Symptoms of alkaptonuria (2)

Answer 8

• urine that turns black after 40 minutes of contact with air
• Blue ears

Question 9

With ______, the enzyme is missing to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, so phenylalanine is converted to ketones which build up in the blood which causes brain damage

Answer 9

phenylketonuria

Question 10

With Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine coverts to ketones which build up in the blood as _______

Answer 10

phenylpyruvic acid

Question 11

_____ bacteria produce metabolic wastes that are toxic to our system

Answer 11

Gram

Question 12

Ionizing radiation produces free radicals which destroys _____

Answer 12

phospholipids

Question 13

The most susceptible to ionizing radiation in the body are (3)

Answer 13

DNA
cell proteins
membrane lipids

Question 14

Ionizing radiation affects _____, and thus function

Answer 14

cell structure

Question 15

_____ is a disorder associated with the accumulation of metabolic by-products

Answer 15

gout

Question 16

Gout is associated with the increase production and/or decrease elimination of _____

Answer 16

uric acid

Question 17

Mechanism of gouty arthritis:
Increase of uric acid in the blood, _____ try to eliminate the uric acid crystals which destroys them and releases enzymes into the blood.

Answer 17

phagocytes

Question 18

The uric acid crystals eventually go to the bone, especially the ______

Answer 18

first metatarsal-pharyngeal joint (big toe)

Question 19

Gout invades the joints, not soft tissue, but you can see tophus in soft tissue, which are small round pellets especially found on the ____ and the ___

Answer 19

olecranon process, ear

Question 20

Gout in the _____ is the most lethal, and has a very slow progression(up to 20 years)

Answer 20

Kidney(tophus)

Question 21

______ is the loss of structural integrity via physical injury which leads to the interference of cell function

Answer 21

trauma

Question 22

Types of cell trauma (5

Answer 22

direct contact
hypothermia
hyperthermia
mechanical pressure
microorganisms

Question 23

Direct contact cell injury happens ______. Examples:

Answer 23

mechanically; battle sign, racoon eyes

Question 24

With hypothermia, cells _____ because of the water and breaks the cell membrane

Answer 24

expand

Question 25

Hyperthermia (3)

Answer 25

fire high dosage of ionizing radiation electric curren

Question 26

____ is an example of both trauma and an endogenous toxin

Answer 26

Ionizing radiation

Question 27

Exposure to high temperatures means above _____˚C

Answer 27

42˚C

Question 28

Mechanical pressures (4)

Answer 28

tumor aneurysm(cerebral arteries near bifuraction common site) high intensity sound stones

Question 29

Pressure can result in pressure _____ because the cells cannot resist the pressure

Answer 29

atrophy

Question 30

High intensity sound results in the compression of the _____ in the ear

Answer 30

nerve endings

Question 31

______ grow inside and burst cells

Answer 31

Microorganisms

Question 32

Microorganism cell trauma examples (3)

Answer 32

malaria plasmodium(anaphelus mosquito) echinococcus cyst viruses

Question 33

Malaria plasmodium ruptures _____ every 2-4 days

Answer 33

rbcs

Question 34

Echinococcus cyst is usually found in (3) in the body and it is caused by eating infected meat

Answer 34

liver kidney brain

Question 35

changes in cell categories

Answer 35

functional reversible structural reversible irreversible

Question 36

Cell membrane affects the _____ of the cell, and sometimes functional changes causes ______ changes

Answer 36

function, anatomical

Question 37

Functional reversible changes are (2)

Answer 37

1) cell accumulations 2)tissue accumulations

Question 38

Cell and tissue accumulations (3)

Answer 38

hydropic change steatosis residual bodies

Question 39

Hydropic changes examples (2)

Answer 39

hydropic degeneration | cloudy swelling

Question 40

Hydropic changes causes the inability of the cell to produce enough _____. This forces water inside the cell, and if this happens in the kidney tubule, water goes into the tubule decreasing the size of the ______

Answer 40

TP, lumen Poiseulle's Law(4th power of the radius)

Question 41

Steatosis refers to the accumulation of triaglycerides in the ___ cells which compress the cell contents moving them to the periphery which can cause the cell to rupture

Answer 41

parenchymal

Question 42

steatosis causes (5)

Answer 42

``` malnutriton alcoholism diabetes mellitus obesity anoxia ```

Question 43

Alcoholism causes ____ to accumulate and makes the hepatocytes swell

Answer 43

FFAs

Question 44

With anoxia, the lack of oxygen restricts the reaction to make _____

Answer 44

lipoproteins

Question 45

With malnutrition , the lack of ____ make it difficult to produce lipoproteins

Answer 45

proteins

Question 46

_____ are fragments of bacteria or cellular organelles found in an injured cell that the cell failed to digest either due to cellular dysfunction, or resistance of some bacteria to lysosomal enzymes

Answer 46

Residual bodies

Question 47

_____ are related to the cell's capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles

Answer 47

Residual bodies

Question 48

Residual bodies are indicators that the cell was _____ but _____

Answer 48

injured, recovered

Question 49

_____ are parts of subcellular membranes that are indigestible, it is a pigment of aging, "brown atrophy"

Answer 49

Lipofuscin aka lipochrome

Question 50

Lipofuscin represents complexes of proteins and lipids that are derived from the free radical peroxidation of ______ of subcellular membranes

Answer 50

polyunsaturated lipids