first quiz 2 Flashcards
Chemical exogenous toxins (2)
CCl₄(carbon tetrachloride, bad for hepatocytes)
alcohol
Endogenous toxins (3)
Genetic
Ionizing radiation
accumulation of metabolic by products
Genetic toxins can occur via (2)
accumulation of normal metabolites
activation of an alternative pathway
When homogentisic acid builds up in the IVD cartilage, it is called _____
ochronosis
The activation of the alternate pathways produces these toxins (3)
phenyl pyruvic acid
phenyl lactic acid
phenyl acetic acid
_____ happens when homogentisic acid cannot be converted in the intermediate steps of phenylalanine metabolism
alkaptonuria
____ is the only disease that is characterized by the calcification of IVD’s
Alkaptonuria
Symptoms of alkaptonuria (2)
- urine that turns black after 40 minutes of contact with air
- Blue ears
With ______, the enzyme is missing to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, so phenylalanine is converted to ketones which build up in the blood which causes brain damage
phenylketonuria
With Phenylketonuria, phenylalanine coverts to ketones which build up in the blood as _______
phenylpyruvic acid
_____ bacteria produce metabolic wastes that are toxic to our system
Gram
Ionizing radiation produces free radicals which destroys _____
phospholipids
The most susceptible to ionizing radiation in the body are (3)
DNA
cell proteins
membrane lipids
Ionizing radiation affects _____, and thus function
cell structure
_____ is a disorder associated with the accumulation of metabolic by-products
gout
Gout is associated with the increase production and/or decrease elimination of _____
uric acid
Mechanism of gouty arthritis:
Increase of uric acid in the blood, _____ try to eliminate the uric acid crystals which destroys them and releases enzymes into the blood.
phagocytes
The uric acid crystals eventually go to the bone, especially the ______
first metatarsal-pharyngeal joint (big toe)
Gout invades the joints, not soft tissue, but you can see tophus in soft tissue, which are small round pellets especially found on the ____ and the ___
olecranon process, ear
Gout in the _____ is the most lethal, and has a very slow progression(up to 20 years)
Kidney(tophus)
______ is the loss of structural integrity via physical injury which leads to the interference of cell function
trauma
Types of cell trauma (5
direct contact hypothermia hyperthermia mechanical pressure microorganisms
Direct contact cell injury happens ______. Examples:
mechanically; battle sign, racoon eyes
With hypothermia, cells _____ because of the water and breaks the cell membrane
expand
Hyperthermia (3)
fire
high dosage of ionizing radiation
electric curren
____ is an example of both trauma and an endogenous toxin
Ionizing radiation
Exposure to high temperatures means above _____˚C
42˚C
Mechanical pressures (4)
tumor
aneurysm(cerebral arteries near bifuraction common site)
high intensity sound
stones
Pressure can result in pressure _____ because the cells cannot resist the pressure
atrophy
High intensity sound results in the compression of the _____ in the ear
nerve endings
______ grow inside and burst cells
Microorganisms
Microorganism cell trauma examples (3)
malaria plasmodium(anaphelus mosquito)
echinococcus cyst
viruses
Malaria plasmodium ruptures _____ every 2-4 days
rbcs
Echinococcus cyst is usually found in (3) in the body and it is caused by eating infected meat
liver
kidney
brain
changes in cell categories
functional reversible
structural reversible
irreversible
Cell membrane affects the _____ of the cell, and sometimes functional changes causes ______ changes
function, anatomical
Functional reversible changes are (2)
1) cell accumulations 2)tissue accumulations
Cell and tissue accumulations (3)
hydropic change
steatosis
residual bodies
Hydropic changes examples (2)
hydropic degeneration
cloudy swelling
Hydropic changes causes the inability of the cell to produce enough _____. This forces water inside the cell, and if this happens in the kidney tubule, water goes into the tubule decreasing the size of the ______
TP, lumen Poiseulle’s Law(4th power of the radius)
Steatosis refers to the accumulation of triaglycerides in the ___ cells which compress the cell contents moving them to the periphery which can cause the cell to rupture
parenchymal
steatosis causes (5)
malnutriton alcoholism diabetes mellitus obesity anoxia
Alcoholism causes ____ to accumulate and makes the hepatocytes swell
FFAs
With anoxia, the lack of oxygen restricts the reaction to make _____
lipoproteins
With malnutrition , the lack of ____ make it difficult to produce lipoproteins
proteins
_____ are fragments of bacteria or cellular organelles found in an injured cell that the cell failed to digest either due to cellular dysfunction, or resistance of some bacteria to lysosomal enzymes
Residual bodies
_____ are related to the cell’s capacity to cope with potentially threatening bacteria or to deal with damaged organelles
Residual bodies
Residual bodies are indicators that the cell was _____ but _____
injured, recovered
_____ are parts of subcellular membranes that are indigestible, it is a pigment of aging, “brown atrophy”
Lipofuscin aka lipochrome
Lipofuscin represents complexes of proteins and lipids that are derived from the free radical peroxidation of ______ of subcellular membranes
polyunsaturated lipids
