Path 2 first quiz

Question 1

functions of the kidney

Answer 1

Blood pH
water and salt concentration
waste elimination
hormones

Question 2

hormones of the kidney

Answer 2

Renin-BP
erythropoeitin
prostaglandings

Question 3

prostaglandins

Answer 3

precursors for hormones

Question 4

forms RBCs

Answer 4

erythropoietin

Question 5

four compartments

Answer 5

glomeruli-filtration of blood:Renin-BP
tubules-collection system
Interstitial tissues
Vessels of the kidney

Question 6

glomular pathology

Answer 6

usually immunological

Question 7

pathology of the tubules

Answer 7

due to bacterial toxins

Question 8

pseudo fenstration

Answer 8

holes in endothelial tissue that filter blood

Question 9

between 2 _____ are filtration slits and they are important for the formation of _____

Answer 9

podocyte, urine

Question 10

Mesangial cells are a type of _____ cell that occupies space within the ______

Answer 10

stromal, glomeruli

Question 11

this cell can replicate, fight infection, and become sclerotic if there is excess proliferation

Answer 11

mesangial cells

Question 12

antibody-antigen complex attaches to the wall of vessels. deposited between basement membrane and endothelial cells

Answer 12

circulating immune complex deposition

Question 13

subentimal layer

Answer 13

between basement membrane and endothelial cells

Question 14

circulating immune complex deposition is a type ___ hypersensitivity

Answer 14

III

Question 15

prevents normal filtration of the blood due to

Answer 15

circulating immune complex deposition

Question 16

Heymann’s glomerular nephritis is not a _____ reaction

Answer 16

hypersensitivity

Question 17

Anti-GBM glomerulonephritis

Answer 17

Type 2 hypersensitivity-destroys podocytes

Question 18

are very permeable to water, but impermeable to blood cells, proteins, albumins

Answer 18

Glomeruli

Question 19

for unknown reasons, the glomeruli is damaged and there is increased
permeability of RBC’s and decreased permeability of water.

Answer 19

In nephritic syndrome

Question 20

blood in the urine, with red blood casts

Answer 20

Hematuria

Question 21

(limited or diminished amount of urine produced)

Answer 21

Oliguria

Question 22

production of renin is the first step in a cascade. The end product is the formation of Angiotensin
II, which leads to the____ in the blood pressure.

Answer 22

increase

Question 23

elevated blood levels of
blood urea nitrogen AKA: BUN and creatinine which is closely related to reduced glomerular
filtration rate

Answer 23

azotemia

Question 24

antibodies of streptococcus is produced and the antibodies can also
destroy the glomerular wall

Answer 24

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

Question 25

Some viral infections (measles, etc) in children may also result in this condition. It is curable with corticosteroids

Answer 25

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

Question 26

50% of cases of this in the adult is transferred | into chronic glomerularnephritis and only 1% in children

Answer 26

Acute Proliferative Glomerulonephritis

Question 27

swelling underneath the eyes – common with

Answer 27

kidney problem

Question 28

MOST DANGEROUS. it is a complex of disorders (not a disease) characterized by rapid and progressive kidney pathology (oligouria) and death within weeks or months.

Answer 28

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis

Question 29

glomeruli will become crescent shaped and obstruct the lumen of the proximal convoluted tubule and urine will build up inside the kidney and increase hydrostatic pressure within the glomerular basement membrane. This prevents circulation of the blood. (the prognosis of the disease is based in the amount of crescent cells – 80% or more is fatal)

Answer 29

Rapidly Progressive (Crescentic) Glomerulonephritis

Question 30

idiopathic more than 50%

Answer 30

Type I- (Anti-GBM)- ( type II | hypersensitivity reaction)

Question 31

characterized by development of autoimmune aggression against two basement membranes. The Abs will form against Ags of the membranes. (lungs and kidney)

Answer 31

Good pasture’s syndrome (anti-GCM)

Question 32

This is curable, via plasmapheresis

Answer 32

Good pasture’s syndrome

Question 33

if there is protein in the urine =

Answer 33

PATHOLOGY

Question 34

development of aggression against the basement membrane ( type II hypersensitivity reaction)

Answer 34

Type I- (Anti-GBM)

Question 35

it is associated with Type III hypersensitivity | reactions.

Answer 35

Type II- (Immune Complex Deposition)

Question 36

Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with

Answer 36

Type II- (Immune Complex Deposition)

Question 37

classic autoimmune disease that involves young ladies | – 20s. It is more common in African Americans

Answer 37

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 38

Causes – UV radiation, intake of | sulfasalysitic drugs, vaccination

Answer 38

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 39

It mostly involves the skin, lungs, kidney and cerebral vessels. Results in serious hypertension and possibly stroke. Primary manifestation of systemic lupus is the butterfly rash. Lupus Nephritis – involvement of the kidneys, develops quickly. This is the major cause of death in this disease. Vasculitis of cerebral vessels is possible in SLE

Answer 39

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 40

● survival is 90% at the present time | ● TMT – corticosteroid therapy

Answer 40

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 41

characterized by the development of vasculitis. It is inflammation of the vascular wall. MOST DANGEROUS. Manifested by anti-neutrophil plasmocytic auto-antibodies. This tells us there is an autoimmune disorder that results in vasculitis.

Answer 41

Type III - (Pauci-immune)

Question 42

develops in middle aged males (can be women in older age). It is characterized by necrotizing vasculitis of the upper and lower respiratory tract and rapidly progressing of glomerulonephritis (kidneys). You see a melting of the bones of the face which can lead to infection and supperative inflammation. The patient is undergoing decay. Patient will die due to acute renal failure, or secondary complications.

Answer 42

Wegener's Granulematosus

Question 43

characterized by vasculitis of the vessels throughout the body (middle and small sized arteries). With the pouching of the arteriole wall, which gives it the name nodosa. Because of the inflammation causes weakness of the wall and pouching. The pouching of the walls can lead to rupture of the wall and obstruction of the lumen. These nodes are on every organ of the body and causes death. This disease can manifest in any organ except the lungs and the arch of the aorta . INCURABLE. NETTER PICTURE

Answer 43

Polyarteritis (Periarteritis) Nodosa

Question 44

Hematuria following an acute respiratory infection. Many cases month after month. Could also be caused by an acute intestinal or urinary infection. The patient will experience pain in the loin (lumbar spine). One of the most common diseases associated with gross hematuria. MOST COMMON glomerular disease worldwide. Hallmark is the deposition of IgA immune complexes into the immune mesagium. (50% increase in IgA). There will also be increased concentration of IgA in the blood and IgA immune complexes in the blood. Can manifest with Henoch-Schonlein Purpura. If not controlled can switch to chronic glomerulonephritis.

Answer 44

IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease)

Question 45

Type III - (Pauci-immune)

Answer 45

``` Wegener's Granulematosus Polyarteritis (Periarteritis) Nodosa IgA Nephropathy (Berger’s Disease) ```

Question 46

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (hemorrhagic vasculitis)- usually develops in boys in their 20's. It is characterized by four clinical syndromes:

Answer 46

abdominal syndrome cutaneous syndrome articular syndrome crescentic glomerulonephritis

Question 47

abdominal syndrome

Answer 47

it is characterized by hemorrhagic inflammation of | the stomach and duodedenal walls (gastroduodenitis).

Question 48

cutaneous syndrome

Answer 48

subcutaneous hemorrhages in the buttock and | abdomen – leads to the development of purpura rash

Question 49

articular syndrome

Answer 49

characterized by subclinical arthritis or at least pain | in the joints.

Question 50

crescentic glomerulonephritis

Answer 50

if the patient has the first three syndromes - and if you add crescatic glomerular nephritis makes the prognosis much worse – 70%.