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My Biology > things i struggled with > Flashcards

things i struggled with Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is Haemaglobin

A

Haemoglobin is a liquid in the red blood cells which diffuses with the oxygen to form oxyhaemaglobin

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2
Q

what is the function of Amylase (saliva, in the mouth)

A

Amylase breaks down starch. this is done chemically by saliva in the mouth

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3
Q

what is a simple reflex responce

A

very quick response to a stimuli: The signals may be passed directly from a sensory neuron, via a relay neurone, to a motor neurone which sends back a signal to move the muscle and move away from danger

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4
Q

how do you test for starch

A

using Iodine solution, if present it goes blue/black from Brown if present

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5
Q

what are the 4 bases in DNA

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guamine and Cytosine

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6
Q

how to the 4 bases in DNA pair up

A

Adenine + Thymine ——- Guamine + Cytosine

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7
Q

what are the ,….. stages to genetic modification of a bacterium

A
  1. Wanted DNA is taken from nucleus of cell.
  2. The bacterium has the DNA taken out which is thrown away.
  3. the DNA is then cut with a Restriction enzyme and a piece of the wanted DNA is placed into the Bacteriums DNA.
  4. The DNA i then connected using a ligase enzyme
  5. The modified DNA is then placed back inside the Bacterium where it is identically reproduced, through A sexual reproduction
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8
Q

what does smoking do to your lungs

name one disease caused by smoking

A

The Tar blocks tubes off the lungs which can prevent oxygen reaching the heart, the Tar also builds up and can lower the volume or your lungs resulting in short breathes
lung cancer

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9
Q

what does reducing blood supply to any organ mean

A

Reducing blood supply means less Oxygen reaches the organ which means Anaerobic respiration occurs which creates lactic acid build up

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10
Q

what do protiens break down into

A

amino acids using the enzyme protease

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11
Q

what does fat (lipids) break down into

A

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol using the enzyme lipase

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12
Q

what does starch molecules get broken down to

A

simple sugar molecules using the enzyme Amylase

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13
Q

what is a Transgenic organism

A

An organism which is from a different species

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14
Q

what is the independent variable

A

A variable which does not get effected by the experiment

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15
Q

what is the dependant vaiable

A

The Variable you measure, the thing that changes as a result of your experiment

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16
Q

what is the dependant vaiable

A

The Variable you measure, the thing that changes as a result of your experiment

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17
Q

what are valves in the heart called

A

AV valves

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18
Q

what happens to a long distance runner (someone who pushes their heart or muscle a lot)

A

the muscle becomes bigger and so does things easier, such as the heart becomes more able to pump oxygen around the body

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19
Q

what is auxin

A

A stimulating hormone, used to help cuttings grow

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20
Q

what do the guard cells in a leaf do

A

they open and close the stomata and control the rate of diffusion and what is diffused in

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21
Q

what are the palisade cells in a leaf

what do they do

A

they are the layer of cells under the upper epidermis

they absorb light and is the location of most of the photosynthesis

22
Q

what is the upper epidermis

what is its role

A

it is the top layer of cells of a leaf
it is a layer witch allows almost all light through for photosynthesis and is water resistant to minimise the loss of water in a leaf

23
Q

what is the stomata

what is its role

A

the stomata are little holes in the leaf which allow nutrients to diffuse into the leaf through

24
Q

what is fermentation

A

the process in which microbes use an external food source to obtain energy! this helps us do things like make alcohol, turn milk to cheese…

25
Q

what breaks down starch

what is starch broken down into

A

Amylase

Maltose

26
Q

what breaks down protein

what is protein broken down into

A

Protease

Amino Acid

27
Q

what breaks down lipids

what are lipids broken down into

A

Lipase

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

28
Q

what micro organism is used in the fermentation of milk to produce yogurt and cheese

A

Lactobacillus

29
Q

what micro organism is used in the fermentation which produces ethanol

A

Yeast

glucose –> Ethanol + CO2 + Energy (anaerobic respiration)

30
Q

what does lactobacillus do in the fermentation of milk to make cheese

A

bacteria feed on lactose sugar in the mile to respire anaerobically
the anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which makes the milk sour and curdle

31
Q

how is yogurt produced in fermentation

A
  1. milk pasteurised, heater to 73 degrees for 15s
  2. Lactobacillus added, this anaerobically respires and produces lactic acid.
  3. PH is lowered due to this
  4. Yogurt formed and stored in fridge to slow bacteria growth
32
Q

what is the carbon cycle

A

the cycle in which carbon takes through time, from being in the atmosphere to the ground…

33
Q

what is the term given to Carbon going from volcanoes to the atmosphere in the carbon cycle

A

Volcanic activity

34
Q

Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from the atmosphere into plants

A

photosynthesis

35
Q

Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from plants to animals

A

feeding

36
Q

Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from animals and plants to the atmosphere

A

respiration

37
Q

Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from the ground or dead organisms to the atmosphere

A

decay

38
Q

Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from resources to the atmosphere

A

Combustion

39
Q

what is the Nitrogen Cycle

A

the cycle which Nitrogen travels through in the earth from the atmosphere to the ground …

40
Q

Nitrogen cycle. term for Ammonium (NH4+) going to Nitrites

A

Nitrification

41
Q

Nitrogen cycle. what do Nitrites go through to become Nitrates

A

Nitrifying Bacteria

42
Q

Nitrogen cycle. term for nitrogen forming ammonium, from atmospheric nitrogen or decomposing plants in the soil

A

Ammonification

43
Q

Nitrogen cycle. how does nitrogen get into the ground

A

naturally over time and Leguninus plants absorb it from the air and have nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots so give off ammonium (NH4+)

44
Q

Nitrogen cycle. what do denitrifying bacteria do

A

they turn nitrates(NO3-) into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)

45
Q

what is it important for the nitrogen cycle to happen

A

so that nitrogen is turned into nitrates which the plants can absorb (nitrogen helps plants make more chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis)

46
Q

Nitrogen cycle. what do nitrogen fixing bacteria do

A

turn atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into Ammonium (NH4+)

47
Q

Nitrogen cycle. what is it called when plants absorb nitrates
what process do they use to do this

A

Assimilation

Active transport

48
Q

Nitrogen cycle. what do decomposed plants give off in the nitrogen cycle to the ground

A

Ammonium (NH4+)

49
Q

how many chromosomes does a healthy human have in each cell nucleus

A

46 chromosomes

23 pairs

50
Q

what is self pollination

A

when pollen lands on its own plants stigma, this is then used for fertilisation

51
Q

what is cross pollination

A

when pollen lands on a different plants stigma and is fertilised there

52
Q

how are lipids tested for

what is the result if positive

A

using ethanol

cloudy if lipids are present, clear if no lipids are present

My Biology (12 decks)

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