things i struggled with Flashcards
what is Haemaglobin
Haemoglobin is a liquid in the red blood cells which diffuses with the oxygen to form oxyhaemaglobin
what is the function of Amylase (saliva, in the mouth)
Amylase breaks down starch. this is done chemically by saliva in the mouth
what is a simple reflex responce
very quick response to a stimuli: The signals may be passed directly from a sensory neuron, via a relay neurone, to a motor neurone which sends back a signal to move the muscle and move away from danger
how do you test for starch
using Iodine solution, if present it goes blue/black from Brown if present
what are the 4 bases in DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guamine and Cytosine
how to the 4 bases in DNA pair up
Adenine + Thymine ——- Guamine + Cytosine
what are the ,….. stages to genetic modification of a bacterium
- Wanted DNA is taken from nucleus of cell.
- The bacterium has the DNA taken out which is thrown away.
- the DNA is then cut with a Restriction enzyme and a piece of the wanted DNA is placed into the Bacteriums DNA.
- The DNA i then connected using a ligase enzyme
- The modified DNA is then placed back inside the Bacterium where it is identically reproduced, through A sexual reproduction
what does smoking do to your lungs
name one disease caused by smoking
The Tar blocks tubes off the lungs which can prevent oxygen reaching the heart, the Tar also builds up and can lower the volume or your lungs resulting in short breathes
lung cancer
what does reducing blood supply to any organ mean
Reducing blood supply means less Oxygen reaches the organ which means Anaerobic respiration occurs which creates lactic acid build up
what do protiens break down into
amino acids using the enzyme protease
what does fat (lipids) break down into
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol using the enzyme lipase
what does starch molecules get broken down to
simple sugar molecules using the enzyme Amylase
what is a Transgenic organism
An organism which is from a different species
what is the independent variable
A variable which does not get effected by the experiment
what is the dependant vaiable
The Variable you measure, the thing that changes as a result of your experiment
what is the dependant vaiable
The Variable you measure, the thing that changes as a result of your experiment
what are valves in the heart called
AV valves
what happens to a long distance runner (someone who pushes their heart or muscle a lot)
the muscle becomes bigger and so does things easier, such as the heart becomes more able to pump oxygen around the body
what is auxin
A stimulating hormone, used to help cuttings grow
what do the guard cells in a leaf do
they open and close the stomata and control the rate of diffusion and what is diffused in
what are the palisade cells in a leaf
what do they do
they are the layer of cells under the upper epidermis
they absorb light and is the location of most of the photosynthesis
what is the upper epidermis
what is its role
it is the top layer of cells of a leaf
it is a layer witch allows almost all light through for photosynthesis and is water resistant to minimise the loss of water in a leaf
what is the stomata
what is its role
the stomata are little holes in the leaf which allow nutrients to diffuse into the leaf through
what is fermentation
the process in which microbes use an external food source to obtain energy! this helps us do things like make alcohol, turn milk to cheese…
what breaks down starch
what is starch broken down into
Amylase
Maltose
what breaks down protein
what is protein broken down into
Protease
Amino Acid
what breaks down lipids
what are lipids broken down into
Lipase
3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
what micro organism is used in the fermentation of milk to produce yogurt and cheese
Lactobacillus
what micro organism is used in the fermentation which produces ethanol
Yeast
glucose –> Ethanol + CO2 + Energy (anaerobic respiration)
what does lactobacillus do in the fermentation of milk to make cheese
bacteria feed on lactose sugar in the mile to respire anaerobically
the anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid which makes the milk sour and curdle
how is yogurt produced in fermentation
- milk pasteurised, heater to 73 degrees for 15s
- Lactobacillus added, this anaerobically respires and produces lactic acid.
- PH is lowered due to this
- Yogurt formed and stored in fridge to slow bacteria growth
what is the carbon cycle
the cycle in which carbon takes through time, from being in the atmosphere to the ground…
what is the term given to Carbon going from volcanoes to the atmosphere in the carbon cycle
Volcanic activity
Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from the atmosphere into plants
photosynthesis
Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from plants to animals
feeding
Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from animals and plants to the atmosphere
respiration
Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from the ground or dead organisms to the atmosphere
decay
Carbon cycle. term for carbon going from resources to the atmosphere
Combustion
what is the Nitrogen Cycle
the cycle which Nitrogen travels through in the earth from the atmosphere to the ground …
Nitrogen cycle. term for Ammonium (NH4+) going to Nitrites
Nitrification
Nitrogen cycle. what do Nitrites go through to become Nitrates
Nitrifying Bacteria
Nitrogen cycle. term for nitrogen forming ammonium, from atmospheric nitrogen or decomposing plants in the soil
Ammonification
Nitrogen cycle. how does nitrogen get into the ground
naturally over time and Leguninus plants absorb it from the air and have nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots so give off ammonium (NH4+)
Nitrogen cycle. what do denitrifying bacteria do
they turn nitrates(NO3-) into atmospheric nitrogen (N2)
what is it important for the nitrogen cycle to happen
so that nitrogen is turned into nitrates which the plants can absorb (nitrogen helps plants make more chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis)
Nitrogen cycle. what do nitrogen fixing bacteria do
turn atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into Ammonium (NH4+)
Nitrogen cycle. what is it called when plants absorb nitrates
what process do they use to do this
Assimilation
Active transport
Nitrogen cycle. what do decomposed plants give off in the nitrogen cycle to the ground
Ammonium (NH4+)
how many chromosomes does a healthy human have in each cell nucleus
46 chromosomes
23 pairs
what is self pollination
when pollen lands on its own plants stigma, this is then used for fertilisation
what is cross pollination
when pollen lands on a different plants stigma and is fertilised there
how are lipids tested for
what is the result if positive
using ethanol
cloudy if lipids are present, clear if no lipids are present
