☆ Theoretical Approaches (20) ― Genetic contributions & Gene-Environmental Interaction

Question 1

long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within cell nucleus

Answer 1

Genes

Question 2

the chain-like structures within a cell nucleus that contain the genes

Answer 2

Chromosomes

Question 3

carries of the information we inherit from our parents

Answer 3

Genes

Question 4

… Chromosomes, … Pairs, … Pairs of Autosomes,
1 pair Sex Chromosomes

Answer 4

46 Chromosomes, 23 Pairs, 22 Pairs of Autosomes,
1 pair Sex Chromosomes

Question 5

XX – , XY –

Answer 5

XX – female, XY – male

Question 6

observable characteristics

Answer 6

Phenotypes

Question 7

unique genetic makeup

Answer 7

Genotypes

Question 8

naturally occurring variations of genes

Answer 8

Polymorphisms

Question 9

influenced by multiple genes or by multiple polymorphisms of genes with any one gene having only very small effects

Answer 9

Polygenic

Question 10

genetic mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

Answer 10

Endophenotypes

Question 11

statistical analysis of family, twin, and adoption studies; if the disorder can be inherited and how much is attributable to genetics

Answer 11

Basic Genetic Epidemiology

Question 12

studies the factors that influence the disorder

Answer 12

Advanced Genetic Epidemiology

Question 13

what gene influences the behavior

Answer 13

Gene Finding

Question 14

biological analysis of individual DNA samples; biological processes genes affect to produce symptoms of the disorder

Answer 14

Molecular Genetics

Question 15

examine behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family

Answer 15

Family Studies

Question 16

family member with the trait singled out for study

(The first person in the family to be identified as possibly having genetic disorder and who may receive genetic counseling or testing)

Answer 16

Proband

Question 17

identify adoptees who have a particular behavioral pattern or psychological disorder and attempt to locate first-degree relatives who were raised in different family settings

Answer 17

Adoption Studies

Question 18

usually conducted to identical twins because they share genetic makeup’

Answer 18

Twin Studies

Question 19

Those people who reported more severe stressful life events and had at least one short allele of the 5-HTT gene were at greater risk of developing depression (Caspi et al., 2003)

Answer 19

serotonin-transporter gene

Question 20

factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

Answer 20

Epigenetics

Question 21

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress (Eric Kandel)

Answer 21

Diathesis-Stress Model

Question 22

Diathesis-Stress Model

a condition that makes someone susceptible to developing disorder (vulnerability)

The higher vulnerability, the lesser life stress
needed to trigger traits

Answer 22

Diathesis

Question 23

Diathesis-Stress Model

the response or experience of an individual to demands that he or she perceives as taxing or exceeding his or her personal resources

Disturbances stem from a genetic predisposition triggered by stress

Answer 23

Stress

Question 24

Diathesis-Stress Model

cause of a disorder (i.e., situations that trigger the development of the disorder)

Answer 24

Predisposing Factor

Question 25

# Diathesis-Stress Model factors that allow the disorders to develop (i.e., factors that could contribute to the development of a disorder)

Answer 25

Precipitating Factor

Question 26

# Diathesis-Stress Model reduces the severity of the problem

Answer 26

Protective Factor

Question 27

# Diathesis-Stress Model factors that maintain the problem once established

Answer 27

Perpetuating Factor

Question 28

# Gene-Environment Interaction people might have genetically determined tendency to create the environment risk factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability

Answer 28

Gene-Environment Correlation Model ## Footnote In most cases, genetic factors are not necessary and sufficient to cause mental disorders but instead can contribute to a vulnerability or diathesis to develop psychopathology that only happens if there is a significant stressor in the person’s life

Question 29

# Gene-Environment Interaction study how your behavior and environment can cause changes that affect your genes work

Answer 29

Epigenetics

Question 30

# Gene-Environment Interaction claims that people with a genetic predisposition to a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental factors that promote the disorder

Answer 30

Reciprocal Gene-Environment Model

Question 31

# 3 kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations parent provide for their children is influenced partly by the parents’ genotypes

Answer 31

Passive Gene-Environment

Question 32

# 3 kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations child’s genotype evokes certain kind of reactions from other people ## Footnote Genetic makeup may affect the reactions of other people to a child and, hence, the kind of social environment that the child will experience

Answer 32

Evocative Gene-Environment

Question 33

# 3 kinds of Gene-Environment Correlations children’s genotype influence the kinds of environment they seek

Answer 33

Active Gene-Environment