☆ Theoretical Approaches (20) ― Biological and Neurological Bases

Question 1

study of the nervous system, especially the brain to understand behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes

Answer 1

Neuroscience

Question 2

chemical messengers of the body

Answer 2

Neurotransmitter

Question 3

effectively increase the activity of the neurotransmitters

Answer 3

Agonist

(Excitatory)

Question 4

decrease or block neurotransmitter

Answer 4

Antagonist

(Inhibitory)

Question 5

produces effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitters

Answer 5

Inverse Agonists

Question 6

neurotransmitter is released, quickly broken down and brought back to the synaptic cleft

Answer 6

Reuptake

Question 7

Neurotransmitter

most abundant in the brain and plays a key role in thinking, learning, and memory

Answer 7

Glutamate

(E) [ memory ]

Question 8

High Glutamate causes

Answer 8

• Psychosis
• Neuron Death

Question 9

Low Glutamate causes

Answer 9

Huntington’s Disease

Question 10

Neurotransmitter

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood, irritability, sleep, seizures

Answer 10

GABA

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

(I) [ calming ]

Question 11

High GABA causes

Answer 11

Relaxation

Question 12

Low GABA causes

Answer 12

Anxiety/OCD

Question 13

Neurotransmitter

regulates mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain

Answer 13

Serotonin

(I) [ mood ]

Question 14

High Serotonin causes

Answer 14

Mania

Question 15

Low Serotonin causes

Answer 15

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Eating Disorders

Question 16

Neurotransmitter

body reward system, pleasures, achieving heightened arousal and learning

Answer 16

Dopamine

[ pleasure ]

Question 17

Low Dopamine causes

Answer 17

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 18

High Dopamine causes

Answer 18

Schizophrenia

Question 19

Neurotransmitter

responsible for fight-or-flight response

Answer 19

Epinephrine

[ fight-or-flight ]

Question 20

High Epinephrine causes

Answer 20

• Stress
• Sleep Disorders

Question 21

Low Epinephrine causes

Answer 21

• Fatigue

Question 22

Neurotransmitter

alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus

Answer 22

Norepinephrine

[ concentration ]

Question 23

High Norepinephrine causes

Answer 23

Mania

Question 24

Norepinephrine causes

Answer 24

Depression

Question 25

# Neurotransmitter natural pain reliever, reduces pain

Answer 25

Endorphins ## Footnote [ euphoria ]

Question 26

Low Endorphin causes

Answer 26

Eating Disorders

Question 27

# Neurotransmitter regulates heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility, role in muscle contraction, memory, motivation, sexual desire, sleep, and learning

Answer 27

Acetylcholine ## Footnote (E) [ learning ]

Question 28

Low Acetylcholine causes

Answer 28

Alzheimer’s (Dementia)

Question 29

processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary

Answer 29

Central Nervous System

Question 30

nerve cells that transmit information throughout the *NS | *Nervous System*

Answer 30

Neurons

Question 31

receive messages from other nerve cells

Answer 31

Dendrites

Question 32

transmit impulses to other neurons

Answer 32

Axon

Question 33

a tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron

Answer 33

Synapse

Question 34

electric impulses where information is transmitted

Answer 34

Action Potentials

Question 35

end of axon

Answer 35

Terminal button

Question 36

space between terminal button of one neuron and the dendrite of another

Answer 36

Synaptic Cleft

Question 37

lower and more ancient part of the brain; essential for autonomic functioning such as breathing, heartbeat, etc.

Answer 37

Brain Stem

Question 38

# Brain Stem Parts of the Brain Stem

Answer 38

- Hindbrain - Midbrain - Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 39

# Brain Stem contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; regulates many autonomic activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion

Answer 39

Hindbrain

Question 40

# Brain Stem controls motor coordination abnormalities associated with autism

Answer 40

Cerebellum

Question 41

# Brain Stem coordinates movements with sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (contributes to sleep, arousal and tension)

Answer 41

Midbrain

Question 42

# Brain Stem involves in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones

Answer 42

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

Question 43

located around the edge of the center of the brain

Answer 43

Limbic System

Question 44

# Limbic System Limbic System consist of

Answer 44

- Amygdala - Hippocampus - Septum - Cingulate Gyrus

Question 45

# Limbic System Emotions

Answer 45

Amygdala

Question 46

Regulate emotional experiences and expressions and, to some extent, our ability to learn and to control impulses

Answer 46

Limbic System

Question 47

# Limbic System shrinks when a person have depression

Answer 47

Hippocampus

Question 48

– base of the forebrain, includes caudate nucleus ## Footnote - damage involved changing our posture or twitching or shaking - related to Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 48

Basal Ganglia

Question 49

provides us with our distinctly human qualities, allowing us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create

Answer 49

Cerebral Cortex

Question 50

# Cerebral Cortex responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes

Answer 50

Left Hemisphere

Question 51

# Cerebral Cortex perceiving the world around us and creating images

Answer 51

Right Hemisphere

Question 52

# Cerebral Cortex area responsible for higher cognitive functions

Answer 52

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 53

# Cerebral Cortex Lobes of the Brain

Answer 53

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal

Question 54

# Cerebral Cortex HPA Axis

Answer 54

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Adrenal Cortex

Question 55

# Peripheral Nervous System controls the muscles

Answer 55

Somatic Nervous System

Question 56

# Peripheral Nervous System regulate cardiovascular system and endocrine system

Answer 56

Autonomic Nervous System

Question 57

# Autonomic Nervous System fight or flight responses

Answer 57

Sympathetic

Question 58

# Autonomic Nervous System rest and digest functions

Answer 58

Parasympathetic (calms the sympathetic nervous system)

Question 59

# Peripheral Nervous System glands produce hormones that is released to the blood streams

Answer 59

Endocrine System

Question 60

chemical messengers secreted by the endocrine glands in the body

Answer 60

Hormones

Question 61

# Endocrine System gland thats called "master gland"

Answer 61

Pituitary

Question 62

# Endocrine System controls metabolism and growth

Answer 62

Thyroid

Question 63

# Endocrine System controls the levels of calcium

Answer 63

Parathyroid

Question 64

# Endocrine System controls metabolism, blood pressure, sex development, stress (epinephrine)

Answer 64

Adrenal

Question 65

# Endocrine System releases melatonin

Answer 65

Pineal

Question 66

# Endocrine System creates insulin

Answer 66

Pancreas

Question 67

# Endocrine System makes sperm and release testosterone

Answer 67

Testes

Question 68

# Endocrine System releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Answer 68

Ovaries

Question 69

refers to a child’s reactivity and characteristic ways of self-regulation

Answer 69

Temperament ## Footnote As early as 2-3 months of age, approx. five dimensions of temperaments can be identified: fearfulness, irritability/frustration, positive affect, activity level, and attentional persistence/effortful control

Question 70

when serotonin (norepinephrine) levels are low, other neurotransmitters are permitted to range more widely, become dysregulated, and contribute to mood irregularities

Answer 70

Permissive Hypothesis