☆ Theoretical Approaches (20) ― Cognitive theories with Psychoanalytic

Question 1

• fight or flight response
• evolutionary adaptation

Answer 1

Fear

Question 2

direct all their feelings for the loved one, including sadness and anger, toward themselves

Answer 2

Introjection

Question 3

person equates other kinds of events with the loss of a loved one

Answer 3

Symbolic or Imagined Loss

Question 4

Bonus Information

Answer 4

Symbolic or Imagined Loss

▪ Does not necessarily involve death of a person
▪ E.g., an athlete got injured and can no longer do
the sport they have been doing for a long time

Question 5

actual death of a person

Answer 5

Introjected Loss

Question 6

ways in which people explain the cause of events within their lives, beliefs

Answer 6

Attributional Style

Question 7

Attributional Style:

Attribution about who or what is responsible for the event

Answer 7

Internal-External Attribution

Question 8

Attributional Style:

perceives the permanence of the cause

Answer 8

Stable-Unstable Attribution

Question 9

Attributional Style:

Blaming outcomes on personal traits, abilities, or efforts.

Answer 9

Internal (Dispositional) Attribution

Question 10

Attributional Style:

Blaming outcomes on external factors, like luck or the environment.

Answer 10

External (Situational) Attribution

Question 11

Attributional Style:

The cause is seen as consistent over time.

Answer 11

Stable Attribution

Question 12

Attributional Style:

The cause is seen as temporary or changeable.

Answer 12

Unstable Attribution

Question 13

Attributional Style:

The cause is believed to affect many areas of life.

Answer 13

Global Attribution

Question 14

Attributional Style:

The cause is limited to one area.

Answer 14

Specific Attribution

Question 15

Attributional Style:

Tends to see failures as temporary, external, and specific.

Answer 15

Optimistic Attribution

Question 16

Attributional Style:

Views failures as personal, stable, and global

Answer 16

Pessimistic Attribution

Question 17

Attributional Style:

Taking credit for success but blaming failures on external factors.

Answer 17

Self-Serving Bias

Question 18

Attributional Style:

Taking too much responsibility for negative events.

Answer 18

Self-Blaming Attribution

Question 19

persons susceptible to depression develop inaccurate/unhelpful core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world as a result of their learning histories

Answer 19

Cognitive Theory of Depression

Question 20

People with Depression tends to _ (draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of single insignificant event) [ Cognitive Bias ]

Answer 20

Overgenaralize

Question 21

depressed people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, immediate world, and their future

Answer 21

Depressive Cognitive Triad

Question 22

an enduring negative cognitive system about some aspects of life

Answer 22

Negative Schema

Question 23

people feel personally responsible for every bad happenings

Answer 23

Self-Blame Schema

Question 24

“can never do anything correctly”

Answer 24

Negative Self-Evaluation Schema

Question 25

people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of the others (“Everyone shares the same opinion as me,”)

Answer 25

False Consensus Effect/False Consensus Bias

Question 26

# Negative Cognitive Styles: seeing only of the extremes of things, never the middle | *"If I’m not perfect, I’m worthless."*

Answer 26

Dichotomous Thinking | also called Absolutist/Black and White Thinking/All or Nothing Thinking

Question 27

# Negative Cognitive Styles: making generalizations about a negative aspect | *"I got rejected; I’ll always fail."*

Answer 27

Overgeneralization

Question 28

# Negative Cognitive Styles: tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection | *"My friend is upset—it must be my fault."*

Answer 28

Personalization

Question 29

# Negative Cognitive Styles: - focuses on the negative - detail is taken out of context and believed whilst everything else in the context is ignored | *"I got one wrong answer on my test, so I’m stupid,"*

Answer 29

Selective Abstraction

Question 30

# Negative Cognitive Styles: - evident when depressed individuals emphasize the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation - only accepts negative thoughts - no logical reasoning - interpreting a situation when there is no factual evidence | *"My professor didn’t smile at me today—he must hate me,"* ## Footnote - /passed, *“chamba”*, /negative *“kasalanan ko kasi”*

Answer 30

Arbitrary Inference

Question 31

# Negative Cognitive Styles: portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity | *"I made a small mistake at work—I'm completely incompetent."*

Answer 31

Labeling and Mislabeling

Question 32

# Negative Cognitive Styles: - downplaying the significance of an event or emotion - common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt | *"I got an award, but it’s not a big deal—anyone could have won."*

Answer 32

Minimization

Question 33

# Negative Cognitive Styles: effects of one’s behaviors are magnified | *"I made one mistake in my speech—everyone must think I'm an idiot!"*

Answer 33

Magnification

Question 34

understanding the ***relationship between stressful events and the body’s response to stress***

Answer 34

General Adaption to Stress Theory

Question 35

# General Adaption to Stress Theory Example: fight-or-flight response

Answer 35

Alarm

Question 36

# General Adaption to Stress Theory Example: coping mechanisms

Answer 36

Resistance

Question 37

# General Adaption to Stress Theory Example: body defenses resources are depleted

Answer 37

Exhaustion

Question 38

who introduced General Adaption to Stress Theory?

Answer 38

Hans Selye

Question 39

stress is a two-way process, it involves a production of stressors and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors

Answer 39

Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Question 40

an individual tends to ask questions like, “What does this stressor and/or situation mean?”, and “How can it influence me?” | Understanding the stressor

Answer 40

Primary Appraisal

Question 41

involves those feelings related to ***dealing with the stressor or the stress it produces*** | Deals with the stressor ## Footnote Starts to assess internal and external resources available to solve the problem

Answer 41

Secondary Appraisal

Question 42

they make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, their immediate world, and their future

Answer 42

Depressive Cognitive Triad

Question 43

depression is caused by a combination of stressors in a person's environment and a lack of personal skills

Answer 43

Lewinsohn’s Behavioral Theory