Illustrating Schizophrenia Flashcards by Ariel IPAD

Who was the British hospital superintendent that outlined a description of schizophrenia symptoms in the book Observations on Madness and Melancholy?

John Haslam

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Which French physician described cases of schizophrenia in the early days of psychiatric care?

Philippe Pinel

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Who coined the term démence précoce, meaning “early or premature loss of mind,” to describe schizophrenia?

Benedict Morel

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Which psychiatrist unified different symptoms of insanity under the name Dementia Praecox?

Emil Kraepelin

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What were the three main symptom categories identified by Kraepelin under dementia praecox?

a. Catatonia – alternating immobility and excited agitation
b. Hebephrenia – silly and immature emotionality
c. Paranoia – delusions of grandeur or persecution

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What were some other symptoms Kraepelin noted in people with dementia praecox?

Hallucinations, delusions, negativism, and stereotyped behavior

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Who introduced the modern term schizophrenia, meaning “splitting of the mind”?

Eugen Bleuler

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What concept did Eugen Bleuler propose to define schizophrenia?

Associative Splitting

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What are positive symptoms in schizophrenia?

They are symptoms that reflect an excess or distortion of normal functions, such as delusions and hallucinations.

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Delusions

What is a delusion in the context of schizophrenia?

A delusion is a misrepresentation of reality, or a disorder of thought content.

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Delusions

What type of delusion involves the belief that one is being harmed or harassed?

Persecutory delusion

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Delusions

Which delusion is characterized by the belief that environmental cues or gestures are directed at oneself?

Referential delusion

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Delusions

What delusion involves the false belief in one’s extraordinary abilities, wealth, or fame?

Grandiose delusion

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Delusions

What type of delusion makes someone believe that another person, often a stranger or celebrity, is in love with them?

Erotomanic delusion

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Delusions

Which delusion involves the belief that a major catastrophe is going to occur?

Nihilistic delusion

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Delusions

What is a somatic delusion?

A delusion involving false beliefs about health and organ function

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Delusions

What is it called when a person believes their thoughts are being removed by an external force?

Thought withdrawal

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Delusions

Which delusion involves the belief that someone has inserted thoughts into one’s mind?

Thought insertion

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Delusions

What are delusions of control?

The belief that one’s actions or body are being controlled by an external force

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Delusions

In what syndrome does someone believe that a familiar person has been replaced by an identical double?

Capgras Syndrome

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Delusions

What is Cotard’s Syndrome?

A delusion where the person believes they are dead

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Delusions

Which rare delusion involves the belief that a single person is disguising themselves as different people?

Fregoli Syndrome

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Delusions

What syndrome is commonly seen in young women involving a delusional belief that a man of higher status is in love with them?

Clerambault Syndrome

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Delusions

What is the motivational view of delusions?

It sees delusions as attempts to relieve anxiety and stress.

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# Delusions What is the deficit view of delusions?

It attributes delusions to brain dysfunctions affecting perception or cognition.

# Hallucinations What are hallucinations in schizophrenia?

Sensory experiences that occur without external stimuli.

# Hallucinations What is the most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia?

Auditory hallucination

# Hallucinations What are autoscopic hallucinations?

Hallucinations where a person sees their own body or part of it from outside themselves.

# Hallucinations When do hypnagogic hallucinations occur?

As one is falling asleep

# Hallucinations When do hypnopompic hallucinations occur?

As one is waking up

# Hallucinations What are ictal hallucinations associated with?

Temporal lobe seizures or foci

# Hallucinations Which brain area is most active during auditory hallucinations?

Broca’s Area (speech production)

What are negative symptoms in schizophrenia?

Symptoms that indicate a reduction or absence of normal functions.

What is avolition?

The inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities

What is anhedonia?

The inability to experience pleasure

What is asociality?

Lack of interest in social interactions

What is flat affect (affective flattening)?

Showing little or no emotional expression, even in emotional situations

What are disorganized symptoms in schizophrenia?

They include disorganized speech, thinking, inappropriate emotional responses, and abnormal motor behavior.

When an individual switches from one topic to another with little or no logical connection.

Derailment or Loose Association

Giving unrelated or barely related answers to questions.

Tangentiality

Giving excessive and irrelevant detail before eventually arriving at the main point. ## Footnote e.g. “Kumuha ako ng Koko Crunch sa SM, katabi ng honey gold flakes…”

Circumstantiality

A way of thinking where the person cannot understand abstract ideas and interprets things literally. ## Footnote e.g. If told “Break a leg,” they may think you mean to actually break their leg.

Concrete Thinking

Using words together because they rhyme or sound catchy, not because they make sense ## Footnote e.g. “Gusto ko ng arrozcaldo, na apurado pero bugbog sarado na may champorado...”

Clang Associations

A series of ideas that are only vaguely or not at all connected. ## Footnote e.g. “Umuwi ako ng probinsya. Favorite ko ang Speak Now TV. Ay! Malamig pala sa North Pole...”

Loose Association

A newly created word that has meaning only to the person who uses it. | e.g. “Lathyzoid. Oh, hindi mo alam meaning diba? that's the point.”

Neologism

A jumble of random words and phrases with no logical meaning or structure. ## Footnote e.g. “Mine enchanted why sparks fly grow superman.”

Word Salad

Showing emotions that are not appropriate for the situation, such as laughing during a serious moment.

Inappropriate Affect

Behaviors that range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation.

Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Motor Behavior

Are newly constructed or made-up words used by individuals with schizophrenia to express their thoughts.

Neologisms

When do more severe symptoms of schizophrenia typically appear?

They usually first appear in late adolescence or early adulthood.

What is the prodromal stage of schizophrenia?

It is the 1–2 year period before serious symptoms emerge, marked by mild or unusual behaviors such as social withdrawal, odd beliefs, or difficulty concentrating.

What neurotransmitter and receptor are partially responsible for the development of schizophrenia?

Schizophrenia is partially the result of excessive stimulation of striatal dopamine D2 receptors.

Which brain regions are associated with the cognitive dysfunctions observed in people with schizophrenia?

The prefrontal cortex, related cortical regions, subcortical circuits, thalamus, and striatum are implicated.

It refers to a mother who is cold, dominant, and rejecting, and was once (mistakenly) thought to cause schizophrenia in her children. This concept is now considered outdated and incorrect.

A Schizophrenogenic Mother

It is a communication style that involves sending conflicting or contradictory messages, which was once believed to contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Double Bind Communication

It refers to family environments where emotions are intense, critical, and hostile, often because the family believes the patient can control their symptoms but chooses not to.

High Expressed Emotion

Is characterized by one or more delusions lasting for at least 1 month, where the delusions are contrary to reality but there are no other characteristics of schizophrenia.

Delusional Disorder

What is the required time to diagnose Delusion Disorder?

At least 1 month or more

How does the presentation of delusional disorder differ from schizophrenia?

Individuals with delusional disorder do not experience symptoms like flat affect, anhedonia, or other negative symptoms typically seen in schizophrenia.

What is the social behavior like for individuals with delusional disorder?

They tend to be socially isolated due to their suspicion of others.

It is a condition in which one individual develops delusions simply due to a close relationship with someone who already has delusions.

Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie a Deux)

What are the different types of delusions that can occur in delusional disorder?

The types of delusions include **Erotomanic, Grandiose, Jealous, Persecutory, Somatic, Mixed, and Unspecified**.

How does the functioning of someone with delusional disorder compare to that of someone with schizophrenia?

Individuals with delusional disorder tend to have **better** functioning than those observed with schizophrenia.

Can individuals with delusional disorder develop schizophrenia?

Yes, individuals with delusional disorder may eventually develop schizophrenia over time.

What is the relationship between delusional disorder and the active phase of schizophrenia?

There is an absence of the active phase of schizophrenia in delusional disorder, although some may eventually develop **Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome** (a less severe form of schizophrenia).

Involves the presence of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior lasting for** at least 1 day but less than 1 month**, with a **full return to premorbid functioning** after the episode.

Brief Psychotic Disorder

What is the required time to diagnose Brief Psychotic Disorder?

In betweeten a DAY and a MONTH

What emotional experience do individuals with Brief Psychotic Disorder typically face?

Individuals typically experience emotional turmoil or overwhelming confusion during the episode.

Can Brief Psychotic Disorder relapse?

Yes, individuals with Brief Psychotic Disorder can experience relapse of symptoms.

When would Brief Psychotic Disorder be diagnosed in addition to another disorder?

If psychotic symptoms persist for at least 1 day in a personality disorder (PD), a diagnosis of Brief Psychotic Disorder may be appropriate.

Is characterized by two or more psychotic symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms) lasting for **at least 1 month but less than 6 months.**

Schizophreniform Disorder

What is the required time to diagnose Schizophreniform Disorder?

In between a month and 6 months

How does the development of Schizophreniform Disorder compare to schizophrenia?

The development of Schizophreniform Disorder is similar to schizophrenia, though it lasts for a shorter period (1 to 6 months).

Involves the presence of major mood episodes (e.g., depression or mania) with delusions or hallucinations for** 2 weeks or more**, even in the absence of mood symptoms.

Schizoaffective Disorder

How do diagnoses change over time in Schizoaffective Disorder?

Individuals with Schizoaffective Disorder may change their diagnosis over time into a **mood disorder or schizophrenia**.

What is a common symptom in individuals with Schizoaffective Disorder?

A common symptom is anosognosia (poor insight), though it is less severe than in Schizophrenia.

Requires two or more symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic behavior, negative symptoms) present for at least 1 month, with a disturbance in one or more major areas of life, lasting for at least 6 months.

Schizophrenia

What factors influence the prognosis of Schizophrenia?

The prognosis is influenced by duration, severity of illness, and gender.

Does Schizophrenia experience psychotic symptoms throughout life?

Schizophrenia may show reduced psychotic experience during late life, though the severity can vary.

What psychological concept is often overused in schizophrenia?

Regression is often overused in the context of Schizophrenia.