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T-Level Nursing > Theme 5 Toni Cells > Flashcards

Theme 5 Toni Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Multi potent meaning

A

Having the ability of self-renewal and developing into multiple specialised cell types present in a particular tissue or organ.

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2
Q

Pluripotent meaning

A

A cell that is able to develop into many different types of cells or tissues in the body.

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3
Q

Totipotent meaning

A

Single cells that can give rise to a new organism

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4
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can give rise to many more cells of the same type and from which specialised cella such as nerve cells or muscle cells.

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5
Q

Differentiation meaning

A

The process of a cell becoming adapted to carry out a specific function

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6
Q

Embryonic stem cells
What stage are they found in?
What can they differentiate into?

A

Blastocyst stage (3-5 days old)
Any cells

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7
Q

Adult stem cells info

A

Few cells which can differentiate even when fully developed
Bone marrow stem cells give rise to blood cells

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8
Q

Use of stem cells

A

Cloned to treat and cure diseases of the blood such as lymphoma and leukaemia
For research

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9
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

A process that creates embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as a donor cell, for use in disease research and treatment

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10
Q

Issues around the use of stem cells

A

Ethical/religious reasons. E.g. disagree with the use of embryonic stem cells as they have the potential to become a human life

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11
Q

Advantages of adult stem cells

A

Less likely to be rejected when transferred to a patient
No major ethical concerns
Evidence of success

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12
Q

Adult stem cell disadvantages

A

Limited differentiation potential
Cannot be grown on mass scale
Bone marrow donations are painful

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13
Q

Embryonic stem cell advantages

A

Can differentiate into almost any cell type
Can be grown and maintained in cultures for a year of more than
Can be studied to learn about the process of development

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14
Q

Embryonic stem cells disadvantages

A

Cells may be rejected
An embryo is destroyed to obtain the cells
Rapid cell division can lead to cancer or tumors

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15
Q

Cell theory 3 principles

A

All living things are made of 1 or more cell/s
Cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things
All cells are created by pre existing cells

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16
Q

Eukaryote cells info

A

Has a nucleus
Larger than prokaryotic cells
Cell division by mitosis
Paired diploid chromosomes

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells info

A

No nucleus
Smaller then eukaryotic cells reproduce sexually and asexually
Cell division by binary fission
Circular DNA (plasma)
Unicellular

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18
Q

Erythrocytes (red blood cells) function and features

A

Carries oxygen around the body by using haemoglobin.
Has no nucleus to increase the surface area,
Biconcave shape allowing more efficient oxygen diffusion,
Elastic plasma membrane allows the cell to change shape to fit through small capillaries

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19
Q

Neurones (nerve cell) functions
Sensory neurones conduct…
Motor neurones conduct…

A

Conduct electrical impulses in the nervous system.
Sensory neurones conduct impulses towards the central nervous system. (CNS)
Motor neurones conduct impulses away from CNS

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20
Q

Squamous epithelial cells features

A

Flattened cells, suited to exchange surfaces
Supported by a basement membrane, thin layer of protein fibres and polysaccharides supporting the epithelium

21
Q

Ova (egg cell) features and functions

A

Larger than sperm cells because after fertilisation the zygote needs to divide several times.
Ovarian follicle cells and gel layer protects the ovum

22
Q

Striated muscle cells function and features

A

Multiple nuclei making protein synthesis more efficient
Contracts which mores the bones in the body and allows movement
Length of the cell allows them to contain protein needed for muscle contractions

23
Q

Differentiation meaning

A

Cells becoming specialised

24
Q

Undifferentiated cells meaning

A

Cells that are not specialised

25
Q

What does gene expression do

A

Causes the cell to know what it needs to specialise as

26
Q

Totipotent stem cells

A

They can divide to produce any type of body cell for only a limited time in early mammalian embryos

27
Q

Pluripotent stem cells can become…
Used in…
Can cause (negative)…..

A

Can become almost any cell
Used in research to treat human disorders
Cause tumours

28
Q

Ethical views on pluripotent stem cells

A

Killing an embryo that had the chance to become a human
Saving lives with an embryo

29
Q

Multipotent and unipotent stem cells
Found in…
Can differentiate into. …

A

Found in mature mammals
Multi can differentiate into a limited number of cells
Uni can differentiate into one type of cell such as muscle cells.

30
Q

Endoderm examples

A

Lungs
Liver
Pancreas
Small and large intestines

31
Q

Mesoderm examples

A

Heart
Bone
Inner lining of. Skin
Muscles
Kidneys
Bladder
Sex organs

32
Q

Ectoderm examples

A

Sweat glands
Hair
Outer layer of skin
Nervous system

33
Q

Sources of stem cells

A

Embryos
Umbilical cord blood
Placenta
Adult stem cells

34
Q

What is haematopoiesis?
Where is it found?

A

The process of stem cells developing into specialised blood cells
Bone marrow of adults

35
Q

What is mitosis

A

A process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells

36
Q

4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

37
Q

What are the 3 stages of a cell cycle

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

38
Q

What is happening in G1 interphase

A

Cellular contents excluding chromosomes duplicate

39
Q

What happens in G0 of interphase

A

Cells do their function

40
Q

What happens in s (synthesis) of interphase

A

The chromosomes are duplicated

41
Q

What happens in G2 of interphase

A

Cell is double checked before cell goes through mitosis so there is no error that could cause cancer

42
Q

What happens in prophase of mitosis

A

Chromosomes become visible and the nuclear envelope disappears

43
Q

What happens in metaphase of mitosis

A

The chromosomes arrange themselves at the centre of the cell

44
Q

What happens in anaphase of mitosis

A

Each of the two threads of chromosomes migrates to opposite poles

45
Q

What happens in telophase of mitosis

A

The nuclear envelope reforms to produce two daughter cells

46
Q

What happens in cytokinesis of the cell cycle

A

The cytoplasm divides to separate the 2 daughter cells

47
Q

Calculation for calculating magnification

A

Size of image divided by the size of object

48
Q

What are induced pluripotent cells?

A

Turning multipotent cells into pluripotent cells

49
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Stem cells differentiating into red blood cells

T-Level Nursing (14 decks)

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