Theme 5 Immunology Flashcards
What are pathogens
Microorganisms that cause illness or disease
What are the 6 pathogens
Bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, protoctists, parasites
What is infection
Infection describes when an organism replicates inside the body resulting in disease
What is phagocytosis
The ingestion of material by cells
What is inflammation
Where white blood cells are brought to the site of injury and infection
Non specific immunity barriers
Skin
Stomach acid
Mucus
Phagocytosis
Fever
Inflammation
Lysozymes
What medication do you take to prevent rejection of an transplant
Immunosuppressive medication
What does autoimmune mean
Body attacks itself
What cells release histamine
Mast cell
What cells carry out phagocytosis
Leukocytes
Characteristics of neutrophils (leukocytes)
Short lived- destroys pathogens then dies
Characteristics of macrophages (leukocytes)
Long lived- display the antigens of the pathogen on the surface on the MHC (known as an antigen producing cell) causes puss
what do dendritic cells do (a leukocyte)
Ingested material is taken to lymph nodes and then display the antigens to the surface of the MHC (antigen producing cell)
What are the 2 cells that can carry out phagocytosis
Macrophages and neutrophils
What is endocytosis
The process of the pathogen being engulfed
What do phagocytes do
Engulf and destroy pathogens
What is an antigen
A substance that is recognised by the immune system as self or non self and stimulates an immune response
What is an antibody
A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen
The stages and cells involved in the body’s response to an antigen
• use of physical and chemical barriers • Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
• actions of T-cells
• actions of B-cells
What is the differences between cell-mediated immunity and antibody- mediated immunity
cell-mediated response is associated with T-lymphocytes destroying causative agents without producing antibodies
antibody-mediated response is associated with B-lymphocytes destroying causative agents by producing antibodies against it
What do T cells do
They destroy harmful pathogens
What do b cells do
Produce antibodies that are specific to antigens
What is a lymphocyte
What are the 2 types
A white blood cell in the immune system
T cells and b cells
2 main types of T cells
T-helper (CD4 receptors)
T-killer cells (CD8 receptors)
What are humours
Fluids in the body
Where do T cells mature
Thymus
Where do b cells mature
Bone marrow
What are the four main ways b lymphocytes destroy
- Agglutination – causes pathogens to stick together for phagocytes
- Complement activation – destroy plasma membrane of the pathogen
- Toxin neutralisation – bind to toxins preventing them affecting cells
- Opsonisation – binding causes them to be consumed to phagocytes
Immunity is…
The ability of the body to resist an infection by a pathogen
What does MRI scans use?
Radio waves and magnetic field
MRI positives
soft tissue
Abnormal body water
Non invasive
Can use contrast dyes
MRI negatives
Takes lots of time
Can cause claustrophobia
Can’t wear jewellery
Allergic reactions to the contrast dye
