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T-Level Nursing > Theme 5 Immunology > Flashcards

Theme 5 Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause illness or disease

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2
Q

What are the 6 pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, protoctists, parasites

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3
Q

What is the nature of infection

A

Infection describes when an organism replicates inside the body resulting in disease

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4
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of material by cells

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5
Q

What is inflammation

A

Where white blood cells are brought to the site of injury and infection

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6
Q

Non specific immunity barriers

A

Skin
Stomach acid
Mucus
Phagocytosis
Fever
Inflammation
Lysozymes

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7
Q

What medication do you take to prevent rejection of an transplant

A

Immunosuppressive medication

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8
Q

What does autoimmune mean

A

Body attacks itself

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9
Q

What cells release histamine

A

Mast cell

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10
Q

What cells carry out phagocytosis

A

Leukocytes

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11
Q

Characteristics of neutrophils (leukocytes)

A

Short lived- destroys pathogens then dies

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12
Q

Characteristics of macrophages (leukocytes)

A

Long lived- display the antigens of the pathogen on the surface on the MHC (known as an antigen producing cell) causes puss

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13
Q

Characteristics of dendritic cells (a leukocytes)

A

Ingested material is taken to lymph nodes and then display the antigens to the surface of the MHC (antigen producing cell)

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14
Q

What are the 2 cells that can carry out phagocytosis

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

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15
Q

What is endocytosis

A

The process of the pathogen being engulfed

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16
Q

What do phagocytes do

A

Engulf and destroy pathogens

17
Q

What is an antigen

A

A substance that is recognised by the immune system as self or non self and stimulates an immune response

18
Q

What is an antibody

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

19
Q

The stages and cells involved in the body’s response to an antigen

A

• use of physical and chemical barriers • Inflammation
• Phagocytosis
• actions of T-cells
• actions of B-cells

20
Q

What is the differences between cell-mediated immunity and antibody- mediated immunity

A

cell-mediated response is associated with T-lymphocytes destroying causative agents without producing antibodies
antibody-mediated response is associated with B-lymphocytes destroying causative agents by producing antibodies against it

21
Q

What do T cells do

A

They destroy harmful pathogens

22
Q

What do b cells do

A

Produce antibodies that are specific to antigens

23
Q

What is a lymphocyte
What are the 2 types

A

A white blood cell in the immune system
T cells and b cells

24
Q

2 main types of T cells

A

T-helper (CD4 receptors)
T-killer cells (CD8 receptors)

25
Q

What are humours

A

Fluids in the body

26
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

27
Q

Where do b cells mature

A

Bone marrow

28
Q

What are the four main ways b lymphocytes destroy

A
  1. Agglutination – causes pathogens to stick together for phagocytes
  2. Complement activation – destroy plasma membrane of the pathogen
  3. Toxin neutralisation – bind to toxins preventing them affecting cells
  4. Opsonisation – binding causes them to be consumed to phagocytes
29
Q

Immunity is…

A

The ability of the body to resist an infection by a pathogen

30
Q

What does MRI scans use?

A

Radio waves and magnetic field

31
Q

MRI positives

A

soft tissue
Abnormal body water
Non invasive
Can use contrast dyes

32
Q

MRI negatives

A

Takes lots of time
Can cause claustrophobia
Can’t wear jewellery
Allergic reactions to the contrast dye

T-Level Nursing (14 decks)

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