Theme 5 Dan Molecules Flashcards
Monomer
One molecule, single most basic unit
Dimer
2 monomers chemically bonded together
Polymer
A long chain of monomers chemically bonded together
Anabolism
The synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules by a condensation reaction (building larger molecules)
Catabolism
Breaking down large molecules. The synthesis of simple molecules from complex molecules by a hydrogen reaction
Covalent bonding (electrons)
Shares electrons
Ionic bonding (electrons)
Gains or looses electrons
Hydrogen bonding
Electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom.
Condensation reaction
Joins two molecules together involving the elimination of a molecule of water
Hydrolysis reaction
Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of water molecules.
Isomeric monosaccharides
Same chemical formula, different structure
Glycosidic bond
Bonding carbohydrates
How many amino acids are there
20
What are the monomers that make up polymers of proteins
Amino acids
What is the structure of an amino acid
Central carbon atom to which are attached four chemical groups
Amino group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
A hydrogen atom (H)
R (side) group (all 20 have a different R)
What do proteins form into?
Polypeptides
What does the primary structure determine
Its 3D shape
Describe the primary structure of protein
Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds assembled by ribosomes
Describe the secondary structure of protein?
Hydrogen bonds cause polypeptides to twist and form either an alpha helix or beta sheets.
Describe the tertiary structure of proteins
The alpha helixes of the secondary structure can be twisted and folded again and is held together by different bonds (such as ionic bonds and disulphide bridges) and areas that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Describe the quaternary structure of proteins
The structure of proteins which are composed of two or more smaller protein chains such as alpha chains, beta chains, heme group etc
What are the two main lipids?
What do they contain?
Are they soluble in water?
Triglycerides and phospholipids
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
No
What are the 4 roles of lipids in the body?
Protection
Insulation
Energy
Phospholipids
What is triglycerides?
Shape
Group of?
What bond?
What reaction?
A group of 3 fatty acids combined with glycerol formed by an ester bond in a condensation reaction E shaped
What are phospholipids?
Made of?
Shape
One molecule of glycerol, two fatty acid chains and one phosphate molecule. They have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
Example of globular proteins
Enzymes and hormones
What does denaturing proteins mean?
Changing the shape from the original structure and it is not reversable
Creating proteins : transcription
A copy is made of the genetic code of the DNA inside the nucleus
Creating proteins: translocation
The code is translated from DNA instructions into amino acids sequenced by the ribosome
What are 3 functions of proteins in the body
Blood clotting, transport of oxygen, immunity and creating antibodies.
Difference between essential and non- essential amino acids
The body creates non-essential amino acids, it needs to digest non essential amino acids.
What is the bond for carbohydrates
Glycosidic bond
What is the bond for protiens
Peptide bond
What is the bond for lipids
Ester bond
Describe the lock and key model
Shape of active site does not change when substrate binds
Describe the induced fit model
Tertiary structure of the enzyme changes as the substrate approaches so the active site moulds around the substrate. (Not the same shape but the enzyme changes shape to fit in the active site)
What are the 3 principles of collision theory
Molecules collide
Molecules must collide with enough energy to break and reform bonds
Molecules must be in the correct spatial orientation
