Theme 5 Dan Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

One molecule, single most basic unit

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2
Q

Dimer

A

2 monomers chemically bonded together

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3
Q

Polymer

A

A long chain of monomers chemically bonded together

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

The synthesis of complex molecules from simple molecules by a condensation reaction (building larger molecules)

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking down large molecules. The synthesis of simple molecules from complex molecules by a hydrogen reaction

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6
Q

Covalent bonding (electrons)

A

Shares electrons

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7
Q

Ionic bonding (electrons)

A

Gains or looses electrons

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8
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative atom.

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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Joins two molecules together involving the elimination of a molecule of water

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10
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

Breaks a chemical bond between two molecules involving the use of water molecules.

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11
Q

Isomeric monosaccharides

A

Same chemical formula, different structure

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12
Q

Glycosidic bond

A

Bonding carbohydrates

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13
Q

How many amino acids are there

A

20

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14
Q

What are the monomers that make up polymers of proteins

A

Amino acids

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15
Q

What is the structure of an amino acid

A

Central carbon atom to which are attached four chemical groups
Amino group (-NH2)
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
A hydrogen atom (H)
R (side) group (all 20 have a different R)

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16
Q

What do proteins form into?

A

Polypeptides

17
Q

What does the primary structure determine

A

Its 3D shape

18
Q

Describe the primary structure of protein

A

Amino acids joined together by peptide bonds assembled by ribosomes

19
Q

Describe the secondary structure of protein?

A

Hydrogen bonds cause polypeptides to twist and form either an alpha helix or beta sheets.

20
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of proteins

A

The alpha helixes of the secondary structure can be twisted and folded again and is held together by different bonds (such as ionic bonds and disulphide bridges) and areas that are hydrophilic and hydrophobic

21
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of proteins

A

The structure of proteins which are composed of two or more smaller protein chains such as alpha chains, beta chains, heme group etc

22
Q

What are the two main lipids?
What do they contain?
Are they soluble in water?

A

Triglycerides and phospholipids
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
No

23
Q

What are the 4 roles of lipids in the body?

A

Protection
Insulation
Energy
Phospholipids

24
Q

What is triglycerides?
Shape
Group of?
What bond?
What reaction?

A

A group of 3 fatty acids combined with glycerol formed by an ester bond in a condensation reaction E shaped

25
Q

What are phospholipids?
Made of?
Shape

A

One molecule of glycerol, two fatty acid chains and one phosphate molecule. They have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails

26
Q

Example of globular proteins

A

Enzymes and hormones

27
Q

What does denaturing proteins mean?

A

Changing the shape from the original structure and it is not reversable

28
Q

Creating proteins : transcription

A

A copy is made of the genetic code of the DNA inside the nucleus

29
Q

Creating proteins: translocation

A

The code is translated from DNA instructions into amino acids sequenced by the ribosome

30
Q

What are 3 functions of proteins in the body

A

Blood clotting, transport of oxygen, immunity and creating antibodies.

31
Q

Difference between essential and non- essential amino acids

A

The body creates non-essential amino acids, it needs to digest non essential amino acids.

32
Q

What is the bond for carbohydrates

A

Glycosidic bond

33
Q

What is the bond for protiens

A

Peptide bond

34
Q

What is the bond for lipids

A

Ester bond

35
Q

Describe the lock and key model

A

Shape of active site does not change when substrate binds

36
Q

Describe the induced fit model

A

Tertiary structure of the enzyme changes as the substrate approaches so the active site moulds around the substrate. (Not the same shape but the enzyme changes shape to fit in the active site)

37
Q

What are the 3 principles of collision theory

A

Molecules collide
Molecules must collide with enough energy to break and reform bonds
Molecules must be in the correct spatial orientation