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Year 2 Pathology > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the risk factors for Urinary Tract Infections?

A
  • Female
  • Sexual Intercourse
  • Pregnancy
  • Diabetes
  • Urinary tract obstructions (stones/ catheters)
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2
Q

What are UTIs of the urethra called

A

Urethritis

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3
Q

What are UTIs of the Bladder called?

A

Cyctitis

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4
Q

What are UTIs of the prostate called?

A

Prostatitis

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5
Q

Pyelonephritis is a name given to what contition?

A

It’s a UTI of the kidney

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6
Q

What is the most common causative organism (bacteria) for utis?

A

E.Coli

others are staphyloccus, proteus and klebsiella

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7
Q

Cystitis symptoms?

A
  • Frequency of urination
  • Dysuria (painful/ difficulty urinating)
  • Urgency
  • Haematuria (blood in urine)
  • (suprapubic pain)
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8
Q

Symptoms of Pyelonephritis (kidney UTI)?

A
  • High fever
  • Rigors (feeling cold, fever, shivering)
  • vomiting
  • loin pain/tenderness
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9
Q

What are these symptoms of?

  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Few Urinary symptoms
  • Swollen tender prostate
A

Prostatitis (UTI of the prostate)

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10
Q

How do you mange/treat UTIs?

A
  • Drink plenty
  • Urinate often
  • Antibiotics (trimethoprim first)
  • Imaging (in non resolving utis in children, men and phelonphritis)
  • Severe cases may require hospital admin (especially phylonephritis and in elderly)
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11
Q

What hormones do the kidneys excrete?

A
  • Renin (helps to control bp)

- Erythropoietin (stimulate RBC production)

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12
Q

Name some of the toxic metabolic waste products the kidneys excrete?

A
  • Urea

- Creatinine

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13
Q

What disorder are these symptoms describing?

  • Significant deterioration in renal function occuring over hours/ days
  • Low urine volume (less that 400mls in 24 hours)
  • Rising plasma urea and creatinine levels
  • Usually comes in the setting of other severe ilnesses.
A

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

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14
Q

What are some of the common causes of chronic renal failure?

A
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Diabetes
  • Renovascular disease
  • Hypertension
  • Polycyctic disease
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15
Q

What factor helps define the 5 stages of chronic renal failure?

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

It’s the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the bowman’s capsule per unit time.

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16
Q

Acute and chronic renal failure can be made worse by nephrotoxic drugs. What are some of these drugs?….

A

Some nephrotoxic drugs:

  • NSAIDS
  • ACE- 1
  • Gentamycin
  • Vancomycin
17
Q

What is Glomerulonephritis?

A

It’s a group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. This may cause a leak of protein or blood into the urine.

18
Q

What is another name for Crystal aggregates the form on the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract?

A

STONES

Peak age of getting them is 20-40 yrs. Males more likely than females.

19
Q

What are some of the risk factors for getting STONES in the urinary tract.

A
  • Dehidration
  • Dietary Factors (chocolate, tea, rhubarb)
  • Drugs (loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, theophylline and aspirin)
  • Renal tract obstruction
  • Reoccurant UTIs
  • Metabolic abnormalities (hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cancer)
20
Q

What is the most common type of renal cancer?

A

Renal cell carcinoma (85%) of all renal cancers.

21
Q

Some risk factors for renal cancer….

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Hypertension
  • Exposure to asbestos
  • certain hereditary conditions
22
Q

What are the presentations/ symptoms of kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)?

A
  • Loin pain
  • Haematuria
  • Abdominal Mas
  • 50% incidental findings on abdominal imaging
  • Paraneoplastic syndroms (hormone secretion by tumour). Eg- polycythaemia, hypercalcaemia, hypertension
23
Q

What is the most common benign condition of the bladder?

A

Cystitis

UTI of the bladder

24
Q

What’s the most common malignant condition of the bladder?

  1. Small cell carcinoma
  2. Renal cell carcinoma
  3. Transitional cell carcinoma
A

TRANSITIONAL cell carcinoma

They are the most common malignant condition in the bladder

25
Q

Name some classical symptoms of Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder cancer)

A
  • Painless haematuria (blood in urine)
  • Frequency, urgency of urination
  • Painful urination (dysuria)
26
Q

What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

It’s a common condition where there is an increase in prostate cells resulting in the formation of nodules on the prostate.

27
Q

What are these symptoms related to?

  • Urinary tract obsruction
  • Increased frequency
  • Hesitancy
  • Nocturia (weeing at night)
  • Terminal dribbling
  • Incresed risk of infection
  • Enlarged prostate
A

There are all symptoms of:

BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA

28
Q

How may you treat Benign prostate hyperplasia?

A
  • Reduce fluid intake at night
  • Reduce alcohol and caffeine
  • Scheduled voiding (bladder training)
  • Meds: Alpha blockers- which reduce the smooth muscle tone in the prostate
  • TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate
29
Q

Who is at risk of Prostate cancer?

A
  • Older males
  • Race (common in black people, uncommon in asian people)
  • Family history
  • Hormone levels
  • Diet (High fat diets)
30
Q

Name some signs / symptoms of prostate cancer…

A
  • May be asymptomatic
  • Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling
  • Hard irregular prostate
  • Raised Prostate Spectific Antigen (PSA)
31
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A

It’s the twisting of the spermatic cord.

  • Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis
  • Pain in abdo, nausea and vomitting
  • Tesetis is hot, swollen and tender
  • Testis may lie high and transversely
  • Most common in 11-30 year olds.
32
Q

What might these symptoms be describing?

  • Pain in 1 testis
  • Abdo pain, n+v
  • Hot, swollen, tender testis
  • Testis may lie high and transversely
A

This may be TESTICULAR TORSION

33
Q

How may you treat Testicular torsion?

A
  • SURGERY is urgent
  • Bilateral fixation (orchiodopexy) - fixing an unascended testis in the scrotum.
  • Orchidectomy (removal of the testis)
34
Q

Some signs / symptoms of testicular tumours?

A
  • Unascended testis
  • Infant hernia
  • infertility
  • painless testicular lump (often noted after trauma/ infection)

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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