The Urinary System Flashcards
What are some of the risk factors for Urinary Tract Infections?
- Female
- Sexual Intercourse
- Pregnancy
- Diabetes
- Urinary tract obstructions (stones/ catheters)
What are UTIs of the urethra called
Urethritis
What are UTIs of the Bladder called?
Cyctitis
What are UTIs of the prostate called?
Prostatitis
Pyelonephritis is a name given to what contition?
It’s a UTI of the kidney
What is the most common causative organism (bacteria) for utis?
E.Coli
others are staphyloccus, proteus and klebsiella
Cystitis symptoms?
- Frequency of urination
- Dysuria (painful/ difficulty urinating)
- Urgency
- Haematuria (blood in urine)
- (suprapubic pain)
Symptoms of Pyelonephritis (kidney UTI)?
- High fever
- Rigors (feeling cold, fever, shivering)
- vomiting
- loin pain/tenderness
What are these symptoms of?
- Flu-like symptoms
- Few Urinary symptoms
- Swollen tender prostate
Prostatitis (UTI of the prostate)
How do you mange/treat UTIs?
- Drink plenty
- Urinate often
- Antibiotics (trimethoprim first)
- Imaging (in non resolving utis in children, men and phelonphritis)
- Severe cases may require hospital admin (especially phylonephritis and in elderly)
What hormones do the kidneys excrete?
- Renin (helps to control bp)
- Erythropoietin (stimulate RBC production)
Name some of the toxic metabolic waste products the kidneys excrete?
- Urea
- Creatinine
What disorder are these symptoms describing?
- Significant deterioration in renal function occuring over hours/ days
- Low urine volume (less that 400mls in 24 hours)
- Rising plasma urea and creatinine levels
- Usually comes in the setting of other severe ilnesses.
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
What are some of the common causes of chronic renal failure?
- Glomerulonephritis
- Diabetes
- Renovascular disease
- Hypertension
- Polycyctic disease
What factor helps define the 5 stages of chronic renal failure?
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
It’s the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the bowman’s capsule per unit time.
Acute and chronic renal failure can be made worse by nephrotoxic drugs. What are some of these drugs?….
Some nephrotoxic drugs:
- NSAIDS
- ACE- 1
- Gentamycin
- Vancomycin
What is Glomerulonephritis?
It’s a group of disorders where there is damage to the glomerular filtration apparatus. This may cause a leak of protein or blood into the urine.
What is another name for Crystal aggregates the form on the collecting ducts of the kidneys and can deposit anywhere in the renal tract?
STONES
Peak age of getting them is 20-40 yrs. Males more likely than females.
What are some of the risk factors for getting STONES in the urinary tract.
- Dehidration
- Dietary Factors (chocolate, tea, rhubarb)
- Drugs (loop diuretics, antacids, corticosteroids, theophylline and aspirin)
- Renal tract obstruction
- Reoccurant UTIs
- Metabolic abnormalities (hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cancer)
What is the most common type of renal cancer?
Renal cell carcinoma (85%) of all renal cancers.
Some risk factors for renal cancer….
- Smoking
- Obesity
- Hypertension
- Exposure to asbestos
- certain hereditary conditions
What are the presentations/ symptoms of kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma)?
- Loin pain
- Haematuria
- Abdominal Mas
- 50% incidental findings on abdominal imaging
- Paraneoplastic syndroms (hormone secretion by tumour). Eg- polycythaemia, hypercalcaemia, hypertension
What is the most common benign condition of the bladder?
Cystitis
UTI of the bladder
What’s the most common malignant condition of the bladder?
- Small cell carcinoma
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Transitional cell carcinoma
TRANSITIONAL cell carcinoma
They are the most common malignant condition in the bladder
Name some classical symptoms of Transitional cell carcinoma (bladder cancer)
- Painless haematuria (blood in urine)
- Frequency, urgency of urination
- Painful urination (dysuria)
What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?
It’s a common condition where there is an increase in prostate cells resulting in the formation of nodules on the prostate.
What are these symptoms related to?
- Urinary tract obsruction
- Increased frequency
- Hesitancy
- Nocturia (weeing at night)
- Terminal dribbling
- Incresed risk of infection
- Enlarged prostate
There are all symptoms of:
BENIGN PROSTATE HYPERPLASIA
How may you treat Benign prostate hyperplasia?
- Reduce fluid intake at night
- Reduce alcohol and caffeine
- Scheduled voiding (bladder training)
- Meds: Alpha blockers- which reduce the smooth muscle tone in the prostate
- TURP: transurethral resection of the prostate
Who is at risk of Prostate cancer?
- Older males
- Race (common in black people, uncommon in asian people)
- Family history
- Hormone levels
- Diet (High fat diets)
Name some signs / symptoms of prostate cancer…
- May be asymptomatic
- Nocturia, hesitancy, poor stream, terminal dribbling
- Hard irregular prostate
- Raised Prostate Spectific Antigen (PSA)
What is testicular torsion?
It’s the twisting of the spermatic cord.
- Sudden onset of pain in 1 testis
- Pain in abdo, nausea and vomitting
- Tesetis is hot, swollen and tender
- Testis may lie high and transversely
- Most common in 11-30 year olds.
What might these symptoms be describing?
- Pain in 1 testis
- Abdo pain, n+v
- Hot, swollen, tender testis
- Testis may lie high and transversely
This may be TESTICULAR TORSION
How may you treat Testicular torsion?
- SURGERY is urgent
- Bilateral fixation (orchiodopexy) - fixing an unascended testis in the scrotum.
- Orchidectomy (removal of the testis)
Some signs / symptoms of testicular tumours?
- Unascended testis
- Infant hernia
- infertility
- painless testicular lump (often noted after trauma/ infection)
