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Year 2 Pathology > Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the Musculoskeletal system?

A
  • Bones
  • Mucles
  • Joints, cartilage, tendons
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2
Q

Name some common problems (pathologies) of bone?

A
  • Fractures
  • Osteoporosis
  • Arthritis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Tumours
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3
Q

What are the stages of fracture healing?

A
  • Haematome + granulation tissue
  • Cartalidge callus
  • Bony Callus and certilaginous remnants
  • Remodelling
  • Repair tissue reached max’ girth 2-3 weeks
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4
Q

What factors can limit fracture healing?

A
  • Bone not aligned
  • Are not immobilised
  • Fracture site contains dead bone
  • Infection
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5
Q

What condition is characterised by decreased bone mass and density and can lead to fractures?

A

Osteoporosis

Very common in the uk (3mil)

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6
Q

Name some characteristics of osteoporosis?

A
  • Decreased bone mass + density
  • Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production
  • Inadequate peak bone mass
  • Excess bone reabsorbs
  • Inadequate bone production
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7
Q

What factors can put someone at risk of Osteoporosis?

A
  • Hormonal infulences such as lack of oestrogen (oestrogen causes reduced bone resorption and increases bone formation)
  • Lack of Vit D and Calcium
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8
Q

Characteristics of Arthritis???

A
  • Pain
  • Swelling / inflammation
  • Warmth over joint (erythema)
  • Restricted movement
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9
Q

Name some types of Arthritis?

A
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Gouty Arthritis
  • Infectious
  • Juvenile Idiopathic
  • Secondary to systemic disease

There are a few more

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10
Q

What is the most common type of arthritis?

A

Osteoarthritis

Associated with increased age and obesity. Progressive deterioration. Usually in weight baring joints.

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11
Q

What’s Primary and Secondary Osteoarthritis?

A
  • Primary (most common): no initial cause

- Secondary: at any age, previous joint trauma or congenital abnormality.

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12
Q

Who’s at risk of getting osteoarthritis???

A
  • Older people
  • Female (post menopause)
  • Obesity
  • Pre-existing joint deformity
  • Excess echanical stress (sports people, miners, farmers)
  • Genetic susceptibility
  • Hypermobility
  • Other diseases (secondary OA)
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13
Q

Features/ Symptoms of Osteoarthritis?

A
  • Morning stiffness
  • Pain, worse at night
  • Reduced range of movement
  • Progressive reduction in mobility
  • joint effusion (fluid)
  • Crepitus (grating sensation)
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14
Q

What’s Heberden’s node and Bouchard’s node?

A

It’s swelling/ deformities of the joints in the fingers

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15
Q

What’s an Osteophytes

A

It’s a bony projection associated with the degeneration of cartlidge and joints. Symptoms of osteoarthritis

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16
Q

What disease is this describing?

  • Inflammation in synovium
  • Thickened membranes
  • Chronic inflammation leads to cartelidge and joint destruction
  • Other tissues involved such as lungs, vessels
A

This is Rheumatoid Arthritis

  • Familial association
  • Link with HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
  • Women 3x more than men.
  • 1% of population
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17
Q

Features/ symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Small joints usually affected (hands/ feet)
  • Pain
  • Swelling/ deformity
  • Fever, fatigue, generalised pain
  • Joints often stiff without prior activity
  • Most have fluctuating disease
18
Q

What is swan neck deformity? And what disease is it associated with?

A

It’s bending of the fingers resulting in them resembling the shape of swan’s necks. It’s associated with rheumatoid arthritis.

19
Q

What is Boutonniere deformity? And what disease is it associated with?

A

It’s a deformity of the hands and feet where the joints near knuckle are bent in. And joints furthest from the knuckle are bent out.
Caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

20
Q

What symptoms are needed to diagnose someone whith rhematoid arthritis? (need 4)

A
  • Morning stiffness
  • Arthritis in 3 or more joints
  • Arthritis of typical hand joints
  • Symmetric Arthritis
  • Rheumatoid nodules
  • Serum rheumatoid factor
  • Typical radiographic changes
21
Q

What joint disorder is associated with crystal accumilation in the joints?

A

Crystal Arthropathies

gout/ pseudogout

22
Q

What is Crystal Arthropathies?

A

It’s a condition where small crystals form in the joints.

23
Q

What condition is characterised by:

Raised uric acid

A

Gout

Urate deposits as crystals in the joints. Repeated attacks lead to arthritis.

24
Q

What is GOUT?

A

It’s a form of Crystal arthropathies. Raised uric acid deposits itself in the joints as crystals. Can cause arthritis.

25
Q

What can cause GOUT?

A
  • Drugs (aspirin, diuretics)
  • Alcohol
  • Renal disease
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Dehidration
26
Q

Name some features of GOUT (form of crystal arthropathies)

A
  • Sudden onset of excruciating burning joint pain
  • Redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness
  • Usually first attack involves big toe
  • Subsequent attacks are less severe.
27
Q

What’s another name forCalcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease?

A

Pseudogout

28
Q

What’s Pseudogout? (Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease)

A

Its calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissue.
Crystals can enlarge and rupture causing crystal shedding into joint cavity and soft tissue. Usually in knees and ankles.

29
Q

How do you get pseudogout?

A
  • Can be hereditaty
  • Associated with osteoarthritis
  • Trauma/ surgery
  • More common with increasing age
30
Q

What is the name given for inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection? Commonly in the knee.

A

Septic Arthrits

31
Q

What’s septic arthritis?

A

It’s inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection commonly affects the knee.
Causes pain, swelling, redness, heat, difficulty moving. some have high temp too. Symptoms develop quickly

32
Q

Symptoms of Septic Arthritis?

A
  • Severe pain
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Some have high temperature

Symptoms develop quickly over hours/ days

33
Q

How do you treat septic arthritis?

A
  • Needs IV antibiotics
  • May require washout of joint

Can be serious and cause sepsis

34
Q

What’s Osteomyelitis?

A

It’s a bone infection caused by bacteria.
Happens often in trauma/ surgery where there’s a presence of foreign bodies. More risk in diabetics.
Haematogenous spread

35
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

The most common bone tumour is a neoplam?

A

FALSE
The most common bone tumour is metastatic disease from a distant cancer eg-Prostate, Kidney, Breast.
Primary bone tumours are relatively rare.

36
Q

Name some benign and malignant Bone Tumours…

A

BENIGN: osteiod, osteoma
MALIGNANT: sarcoma

37
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle in the body?

A
  • Skeletal
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
38
Q

What’s another name for Skeletal muscle, and what are it’s properties?

A

STRAITED MUSCLE
called this because of visible striations on microscopy. Involed in voluntary movements - beceps, arm muscles, leg muscles.

39
Q

Features of Smooth muscle…

A
  • Forms muscle layer in walls of GIT, ducts, arteries and internal organs
  • Involuntary actions such as bowel peristalsis
  • Controlled by ANS
40
Q

What type of muscle is affected by muscular dystrophies and neuromuscular disorders?

A

Skeletal muscle

straited muscle

41
Q

What type of muscle is affected by Leiomyomas?

A

Smooth muscle

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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