Musculoskeletal system Flashcards
What makes up the Musculoskeletal system?
- Bones
- Mucles
- Joints, cartilage, tendons
Name some common problems (pathologies) of bone?
- Fractures
- Osteoporosis
- Arthritis
- Osteomyelitis
- Tumours
What are the stages of fracture healing?
- Haematome + granulation tissue
- Cartalidge callus
- Bony Callus and certilaginous remnants
- Remodelling
- Repair tissue reached max’ girth 2-3 weeks
What factors can limit fracture healing?
- Bone not aligned
- Are not immobilised
- Fracture site contains dead bone
- Infection
What condition is characterised by decreased bone mass and density and can lead to fractures?
Osteoporosis
Very common in the uk (3mil)
Name some characteristics of osteoporosis?
- Decreased bone mass + density
- Imbalance between bone resorption and bone production
- Inadequate peak bone mass
- Excess bone reabsorbs
- Inadequate bone production
What factors can put someone at risk of Osteoporosis?
- Hormonal infulences such as lack of oestrogen (oestrogen causes reduced bone resorption and increases bone formation)
- Lack of Vit D and Calcium
Characteristics of Arthritis???
- Pain
- Swelling / inflammation
- Warmth over joint (erythema)
- Restricted movement
Name some types of Arthritis?
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gouty Arthritis
- Infectious
- Juvenile Idiopathic
- Secondary to systemic disease
There are a few more
What is the most common type of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis
Associated with increased age and obesity. Progressive deterioration. Usually in weight baring joints.
What’s Primary and Secondary Osteoarthritis?
- Primary (most common): no initial cause
- Secondary: at any age, previous joint trauma or congenital abnormality.
Who’s at risk of getting osteoarthritis???
- Older people
- Female (post menopause)
- Obesity
- Pre-existing joint deformity
- Excess echanical stress (sports people, miners, farmers)
- Genetic susceptibility
- Hypermobility
- Other diseases (secondary OA)
Features/ Symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
- Morning stiffness
- Pain, worse at night
- Reduced range of movement
- Progressive reduction in mobility
- joint effusion (fluid)
- Crepitus (grating sensation)
What’s Heberden’s node and Bouchard’s node?
It’s swelling/ deformities of the joints in the fingers
What’s an Osteophytes
It’s a bony projection associated with the degeneration of cartlidge and joints. Symptoms of osteoarthritis
What disease is this describing?
- Inflammation in synovium
- Thickened membranes
- Chronic inflammation leads to cartelidge and joint destruction
- Other tissues involved such as lungs, vessels
This is Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Familial association
- Link with HLA (human leukocyte antigen)
- Women 3x more than men.
- 1% of population
Features/ symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
- Small joints usually affected (hands/ feet)
- Pain
- Swelling/ deformity
- Fever, fatigue, generalised pain
- Joints often stiff without prior activity
- Most have fluctuating disease
What is swan neck deformity? And what disease is it associated with?
It’s bending of the fingers resulting in them resembling the shape of swan’s necks. It’s associated with rheumatoid arthritis.
What is Boutonniere deformity? And what disease is it associated with?
It’s a deformity of the hands and feet where the joints near knuckle are bent in. And joints furthest from the knuckle are bent out.
Caused by rheumatoid arthritis.
What symptoms are needed to diagnose someone whith rhematoid arthritis? (need 4)
- Morning stiffness
- Arthritis in 3 or more joints
- Arthritis of typical hand joints
- Symmetric Arthritis
- Rheumatoid nodules
- Serum rheumatoid factor
- Typical radiographic changes
What joint disorder is associated with crystal accumilation in the joints?
Crystal Arthropathies
gout/ pseudogout
What is Crystal Arthropathies?
It’s a condition where small crystals form in the joints.
What condition is characterised by:
Raised uric acid
Gout
Urate deposits as crystals in the joints. Repeated attacks lead to arthritis.
What is GOUT?
It’s a form of Crystal arthropathies. Raised uric acid deposits itself in the joints as crystals. Can cause arthritis.
What can cause GOUT?
- Drugs (aspirin, diuretics)
- Alcohol
- Renal disease
- Hypothyroidism
- Dehidration
Name some features of GOUT (form of crystal arthropathies)
- Sudden onset of excruciating burning joint pain
- Redness, warmth, tenderness, stiffness
- Usually first attack involves big toe
- Subsequent attacks are less severe.
What’s another name forCalcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease?
Pseudogout
What’s Pseudogout? (Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease)
Its calcium pyrophosphate crystals in connective tissue.
Crystals can enlarge and rupture causing crystal shedding into joint cavity and soft tissue. Usually in knees and ankles.
How do you get pseudogout?
- Can be hereditaty
- Associated with osteoarthritis
- Trauma/ surgery
- More common with increasing age
What is the name given for inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection? Commonly in the knee.
Septic Arthrits
What’s septic arthritis?
It’s inflammation of a joint caused by bacterial infection commonly affects the knee.
Causes pain, swelling, redness, heat, difficulty moving. some have high temp too. Symptoms develop quickly
Symptoms of Septic Arthritis?
- Severe pain
- Swelling
- Redness
- Heat
- Some have high temperature
Symptoms develop quickly over hours/ days
How do you treat septic arthritis?
- Needs IV antibiotics
- May require washout of joint
Can be serious and cause sepsis
What’s Osteomyelitis?
It’s a bone infection caused by bacteria.
Happens often in trauma/ surgery where there’s a presence of foreign bodies. More risk in diabetics.
Haematogenous spread
TRUE or FALSE:
The most common bone tumour is a neoplam?
FALSE
The most common bone tumour is metastatic disease from a distant cancer eg-Prostate, Kidney, Breast.
Primary bone tumours are relatively rare.
Name some benign and malignant Bone Tumours…
BENIGN: osteiod, osteoma
MALIGNANT: sarcoma
What are the 3 types of muscle in the body?
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What’s another name for Skeletal muscle, and what are it’s properties?
STRAITED MUSCLE
called this because of visible striations on microscopy. Involed in voluntary movements - beceps, arm muscles, leg muscles.
Features of Smooth muscle…
- Forms muscle layer in walls of GIT, ducts, arteries and internal organs
- Involuntary actions such as bowel peristalsis
- Controlled by ANS
What type of muscle is affected by muscular dystrophies and neuromuscular disorders?
Skeletal muscle
straited muscle
What type of muscle is affected by Leiomyomas?
Smooth muscle
