Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Pathology > Cell injury & Inflammation > Flashcards

Cell injury & Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What certain things can trigger inflimation?

A
  • Foreign Bodies
  • Infection
  • Ischemia/infarction
  • Physical/Chemical Injury
  • Immune reactions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some of the key components of Acute Inflammation?

A
  • Rapid host response triggering vascular and cellular reactions
  • Vasodilation- increased blood flow to sight of injury
  • Vascular Permeability- it’s an immediate transient response

Together these mechanisms cause leakage of intracascular fluid into the extravascular spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the main aim of Inflimmation:

A

To recruit leukocytes to an area of damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the term ‘Margination’ mean in terms of inflimmations?

A

It is when RBC flow to the centre of vessel lumen and WBC flow peripherally. Causing WBC fall into peripheral flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does term ‘Rolling’ mean in terms of inflimmation?

A

When increased numbers of WBC roll along the edge of damaged endothelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the term ‘Adgesion’ mean in relation to inflimmation?

A

When leukocytes finally stop and adhere to the endothelium. Cytokines secreted by injured cells encourage this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does ‘Transmigration’ mean in terms of inflammation?

A

It’s when leucocytes are encouraged to pass through endothelium to extravascular space.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Chemotaxis?

A

They’re Exogenous bacteria and endogenous substances that attract leukocytes towards the area of injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name some leucocyte receptors that recognise foreign micrbes…

A
  • Toll receptors
  • G Proteins
  • Opsonin receptors
  • Cytokine receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which is NOT a leucocyte receptor that detects foreign microbes:

  • Toll like receptors
  • Na mediated Ion channels
  • Opsonin
  • Cytokine receptors
A

Na Mediated Ion Channels are NOT receptors found on leucocytes used to recognise microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the term PHAGOCYTOSIS mean?

A

It means when receptors on leucocyte bodies recognise microbes… They can attach themself to the bacteria/damaged cell and engulf them! The Leucocyte kills and degrated the offending agent and removes it’s harmful effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some characteristics of CHRONIC INFLAMMATION

A
  • It’s caused by persistent infection which are difficult to remove.
  • Can be immune mediated when reaction is against the host. (Autoimmune)
  • Can be caused by prolonged exposure to toxic agents: Silica, asbestos, lipids (Atherosclerosis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are Granulomas? And when do they occur?

A

It’s the bodys attempt to contain an offending agent it cannot eradicate. Strong Macrophage and T cell activation leading to tissue injury

-occurs in TB - caseating lesions in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does FIBROSIS mean?

A

Thickening/ scarring of tissue. Causing scar formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical signs of Inflammation?

5 Cardinal Signs

A
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Swelling
  • Pain
  • Loss of function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some symptoms of inflammation?

A
  • Fever
  • Tachy
  • Low BP
  • Raised WCC
  • Raised CRP (C reactive protein- measures amount of inflammation)
  • General Malaise
  • Weight loss (chronic)
  • SEPSIS - large amount of toxins in the body
  • SEPTIC SHOCK - cardiovascular failure due to sepsis
17
Q

Treatments of inflammation???

A
  • NSAIDS
  • Anti-histamines
  • Steroids
  • Targeted biologics against immune response proteins eg. anti TNF
18
Q

What does Hypertrophy mean in terms of cellular in response to stress?

A

It means increased size of cells resulting in increased size of the organ.

  • Physiologically : body builders
  • Pathologically : heart in hypertension
19
Q

What does Hyperplasia mean in terms of cellular response to stress?

A

It means increase in cell numbers resulting in a larger organ (hypertrophied)
Can occur alongsied hypertrophy:
-Physiologically : Menstruation
-Pathologically : endometrial hyperplasia if hormone stimulus persists

20
Q

What does ‘ATROPHY’ mean in relation to cellular response to stress?

A

It’s the shrinkage of the size of the cell by loss of substance:

  • Decresed workload
  • Reduced blood supply
  • Inadequate nutrition
  • loss of hormone stimulation
  • Ageing
21
Q

What does Metaplasia mean in relation to cellular response to stress?

A

When one cell type is replaced by another adult cell type/
It’s reversible. New type of cell my be more able to withstand stress.

EG- chronic Gastro- oesophageal reflux

22
Q

Name some causes of cellular injury…

A
  • Hypoxia (low oxygen)
  • Ischemia (loss of blood supply)
  • Chemical Exposure (cigarette smoke, alcohol, paracetamol)
  • Infection
  • Radiation
  • Lack of Nutrients
  • Immunological reaction
  • Ageing
23
Q

What is the difference between APOPTOSIS and NECROSIS

A 
APOPTOSIS:
-programmed cell dealth
-irreparable damage to the cells DNA/protein or deprived from growth factors
-Either Pathological or physiological 
NECROSIS:
-Damage to the membranes allows enzymes to digest the cell
-Local Inflammation
-Always Pathological
24
Q

What’s APOPTOSIS?

A

It’s programmed cell death where the cell degrades it’s own DNA/ proteins resulting in dealth

  • Membranes remain intact so no contents leak out .
  • Dead cell removed by phagocytosis
25
Q

Give examples of Physiological Apoptosis…

A

-embryogenesis
-involution of hormone dependent tissues upon
-hormone deprivation
elimination of cells which have served their purpose
-elimination of potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes

26
Q

Give examples of Pathological Apoptosis…

A
  • DNA damage
  • Accumulation of misfolded proteins
  • Certain infections
  • Pathological atrophy in parenchymal organs after duct obstruction
  • Cell death induced by cytotoxic T cells
27
Q

What are the types of NECROSIS?

A
  • Coagulative Necrosis
  • Liquefactive Necrosis
  • Caseous Necrosis
  • Fat Necrosis
28
Q

Give examples of why cells might get injured…

A
  • Depletion of ATP,Damage, causing: failure of production of energy, failure of free radical production
  • Influx of cancium, causing: activation of enzymes which damage cellular components, can cause apoptosis
  • Mitochondrial Damage: failure of production of energy, failure of free radical production
  • Oxidative Stress
  • Damage to cell membrane can cause:↓ phospholipid synthesis causes↓ATP, oxygen free radicals, lipid breakdown
  • DNA Damage: can occur after radiation and may cause apoptosis.
29
Q

What’s neoplasia?

A

It’s when a cell has mild DNA damaged which causes a gene mutation which eventually lead to abnormal cells and eventually lead to cancer.

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions