Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Pathology > Heart & Vessles - The rest > Flashcards

Heart & Vessles - The rest Flashcards

1
Q

Give some exaples of Cardiac Disease

A
  • Ischemia + MI
  • Cardiac Failure
  • Valvular Heart Disease
  • Pericarditis and Myocarditis (inflammation of peri and myocardium)
  • Unusual Cardiac Diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some examples of vascular diseases

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Aneurysms
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetic Vascular Disease
  • Vein Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s the definition of cardiac failure

A

It’s when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate required for normal functioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What symptons can occur when the heart doesn’t pump as effectively as it should?

A

-Tiredness/Fatigue
-Shortness of breath
-All over excessive excessive fluid filled veins (systemic venous congestion & Odema)
Peripheral Oedema
-Pulmonary Oedema (fluid in lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name some causes of heart failure…

A
  • Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Hypertension (high bp)
  • Valvular Heart Disease
  • Arrhymias
  • Congenital Heart Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why does cardiac hypertrophy occur

A

It occurs in cardiac failure because the heart tries to compensate. This eventually leady to the heart being unable to maintain itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does Celcular Heart Stenosis mean?

A

It’s failure of the valves to open completely, causing impending forward flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Incompetence/ Regurgitating valvular disease?

A

It’s the failure of the valves to close, causing revere flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the valvular heart disease mechanism associated with abnormal tissue growth on valves of the heart (fibrin, platelets and bacteria)

A

Vegetations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false:

Stenosis of the aortic valve is the most common valvular disease.

A

TRUE

It accounts for 2/3 of all valve diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of thing can cause VALVULAR heart disease?

A
  • Infection
  • Calcific aortic valve disease
  • Age related degeneration
  • Carcinoid syndrome
  • Fibrosis + Muscle rupture after MI
  • Heart Failure
  • High BP
  • Congenital
  • Prosthetic Heart Valves
  • Connective Tissue disorder
  • IV drug use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some of the symptoms of valvular heart disease.

they can differ with the site/ type of lesion

A
  • Stroke
  • Arrythmias
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Angina (Chest Pain)
  • Syncope (fainting)
  • Heart Failure
  • Infarcts to kidneys and spleen

There’s a poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Infective Endocarditis?

the endo cardium is the inner lining of the heart and its valves

A

Endocarditis is when the inner lining of the hear and it’s valves becomes infected/ inflamed.
Occurs right sided in IV drug use and left sided in others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which side of the heart is affected in infective endocarditis associated with IV drug use.

A

Right side of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical presentations of Infective Endocarditis?

A

Sepsis,
heart Failure,
a new Murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pericarditis and Myocarditis are described as what?

A

Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac of heart muscle

17
Q

What heart related disease is characterised as ‘an inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac of the heart muscle’

A

Pericarditis and Myocarditis

18
Q

What are some of the many causes of Pericarditis and Myocarditis?

A
  • Viral causes
  • bacterial
  • TB
  • Uraemia (urine products in blood)
  • Carcinoma
  • MI
  • Post Op
  • Connective tissue disease
  • Radiation

-There are also UNKNOWN causes too

19
Q

What are some of the symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis?

A
  • Chest Pain

- Cardiac Faiulure

20
Q

How do you treat the inflammatory disease of Myocarditis and Pericarditis?

A
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs

- Surgical Excision of the pericardium

21
Q

Name some of the unusual cardiac diseases…

A
  • Cardiomyopathy
  • Multisystem Diseases (sarcoidosis, amyloidosis)
  • Thyrotoxicosis
  • Myxodema
  • Pregnancy
  • Alcoholism
  • Iatrogenic disease (drug induced)
22
Q

What is cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of heart mucle

(MYOPATHY= disease of muscle)!!!!

23
Q

Dilated, Hypertrophic and Restrictive are all classifications of what cardiac disease?

(Hint: what has the capability to dilate, grow and restict)

A

(Hint= MUSCLES) so

CARDIAC MYOPATHY

24
Q

What are the categories of Cardiac Myopathy

disease relating to heart muscles

A
  • DILATED (dilation of chambers+ large flabby heart)
  • HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (Heavy Muscular hypercontracting heart.
  • RESTRICTIVE
25
Q

HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (HCM- a division of cardiac myopathy) has many symptons… Name some

A
  • SOB
  • Chest pain
  • Palpitations
  • Black-out
  • Sudden Death
  • Atrial Fibrilation
  • Thickened myocardium due to increased myocardial cell size
26
Q

What is the definition of an aneurysm?

A

an excessive permanent localized swelling of the wall of a blood vessle

27
Q

What are some causes of aneurysm formation?

A
  • Age
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Ischemia
  • Hypertension
  • inflammation
  • Diabetes
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Bacteria
  • Bacterial Endocarditis
  • Fungus
  • Marfan’s Syndrome
  • syphilis
28
Q

How do you treat an aneurysm?

A
  • Stent
  • Surgery
  • Reducing arterial Pressure
29
Q

Atheroscleotic, Aortic dissection, Berry, Syphilitic and Mycotic (infective) are all categories of what vessle related disease

A

ANEURYSMS!!

30
Q

True or false,

Secondary Hypertension is the most common type of hypertension

A

FALSE

  • Primary (essential) hypertension is the most common type (95%)
  • Secondary (5-10%)
31
Q

What are risk factors for primary (essential) hypertension

A
  • Genetic
  • Diet (high sodium)
  • Lifestyle (stress+activity)
  • Weight (ovesity)
  • Alcohol
  • Smoking
32
Q

What can cause secondary hypertension

A
  • Renal problems (polycyctic kidney disease)
  • Endocrine disease (Thyrotoxicosis)
  • Vascular (raised intravascular volume)
  • Neurogenic problems (acute stress-surgery)
33
Q

what organs are affected by hypertension???

A
  • Blood vessles (damaged)
  • Heart (Heart attack/failure)
  • Kidney (kidney failure+renal failure)
  • Eyes (retinopathy)
  • Brain (stroke)
34
Q

What does the term MACROANGIOPATHY mean in terms of hypertension

A

It’s disease of the large blood vessles. Its a complication of high BP. Causes Atherosclerosis

Causes increased risk of dissection, rupture and MI

35
Q

What does the term MICROANGIOPATHY mean in terms of hypertension

A

It’s disease of small blood vessles. It’s a complication of high BP and causes arteriolsclerosis

Causes increased risk of dissection, rupture and MI

36
Q

What does Dissection mean in realtion to blood vessles?

A

It’s when there’s a tear in the inner layer of the vessel wall causing the blood to flow not only down the lumen but town the dissection too!

37
Q

What damage does diabetic vascular disease cause?

A

-Damage to kidneys
-Damage to vessles generally (athrosclerosis)
-Damage to Nerves
-Damage to retinas
can cause:
-gangrene
-Renal Faiulre
-Blindness

38
Q

Name some Congenital Cardiovascular problems…

A
  • Septal defects (atrial / ventricular)
  • Failure of blood vessles to close
  • Narrowed Aorta
  • Valvular Abnormalities
  • Vessles the wrong way round
  • Coronary Artery Defects
  • Multiple defects (Fallot’s Tetralogy)

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions