Heart & Vessles - The rest Flashcards
Give some exaples of Cardiac Disease
- Ischemia + MI
- Cardiac Failure
- Valvular Heart Disease
- Pericarditis and Myocarditis (inflammation of peri and myocardium)
- Unusual Cardiac Diseases
Give some examples of vascular diseases
- Atherosclerosis
- Aneurysms
- Hypertension
- Diabetic Vascular Disease
- Vein Disease
What’s the definition of cardiac failure
It’s when the heart is unable to pump blood at a rate required for normal functioning
What symptons can occur when the heart doesn’t pump as effectively as it should?
-Tiredness/Fatigue
-Shortness of breath
-All over excessive excessive fluid filled veins (systemic venous congestion & Odema)
Peripheral Oedema
-Pulmonary Oedema (fluid in lungs)
Name some causes of heart failure…
- Ischemic Heart Disease
- Hypertension (high bp)
- Valvular Heart Disease
- Arrhymias
- Congenital Heart Disease
Why does cardiac hypertrophy occur
It occurs in cardiac failure because the heart tries to compensate. This eventually leady to the heart being unable to maintain itself.
What does Celcular Heart Stenosis mean?
It’s failure of the valves to open completely, causing impending forward flow
What is Incompetence/ Regurgitating valvular disease?
It’s the failure of the valves to close, causing revere flow
What is the valvular heart disease mechanism associated with abnormal tissue growth on valves of the heart (fibrin, platelets and bacteria)
Vegetations
True or false:
Stenosis of the aortic valve is the most common valvular disease.
TRUE
It accounts for 2/3 of all valve diseases
What type of thing can cause VALVULAR heart disease?
- Infection
- Calcific aortic valve disease
- Age related degeneration
- Carcinoid syndrome
- Fibrosis + Muscle rupture after MI
- Heart Failure
- High BP
- Congenital
- Prosthetic Heart Valves
- Connective Tissue disorder
- IV drug use
Name some of the symptoms of valvular heart disease.
they can differ with the site/ type of lesion
- Stroke
- Arrythmias
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Angina (Chest Pain)
- Syncope (fainting)
- Heart Failure
- Infarcts to kidneys and spleen
There’s a poor prognosis
What is Infective Endocarditis?
the endo cardium is the inner lining of the heart and its valves
Endocarditis is when the inner lining of the hear and it’s valves becomes infected/ inflamed.
Occurs right sided in IV drug use and left sided in others.
Which side of the heart is affected in infective endocarditis associated with IV drug use.
Right side of the heart
What are the clinical presentations of Infective Endocarditis?
Sepsis,
heart Failure,
a new Murmur
Pericarditis and Myocarditis are described as what?
Inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac of heart muscle
What heart related disease is characterised as ‘an inflammatory reaction involving the heart sac of the heart muscle’
Pericarditis and Myocarditis
What are some of the many causes of Pericarditis and Myocarditis?
- Viral causes
- bacterial
- TB
- Uraemia (urine products in blood)
- Carcinoma
- MI
- Post Op
- Connective tissue disease
- Radiation
-There are also UNKNOWN causes too
What are some of the symptoms of pericarditis and myocarditis?
- Chest Pain
- Cardiac Faiulure
How do you treat the inflammatory disease of Myocarditis and Pericarditis?
- Anti-inflammatory drugs
- Surgical Excision of the pericardium
Name some of the unusual cardiac diseases…
- Cardiomyopathy
- Multisystem Diseases (sarcoidosis, amyloidosis)
- Thyrotoxicosis
- Myxodema
- Pregnancy
- Alcoholism
- Iatrogenic disease (drug induced)
What is cardiomyopathy
Disease of heart mucle
(MYOPATHY= disease of muscle)!!!!
Dilated, Hypertrophic and Restrictive are all classifications of what cardiac disease?
(Hint: what has the capability to dilate, grow and restict)
(Hint= MUSCLES) so
CARDIAC MYOPATHY
What are the categories of Cardiac Myopathy
disease relating to heart muscles
- DILATED (dilation of chambers+ large flabby heart)
- HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (Heavy Muscular hypercontracting heart.
- RESTRICTIVE
HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY (HCM- a division of cardiac myopathy) has many symptons… Name some
- SOB
- Chest pain
- Palpitations
- Black-out
- Sudden Death
- Atrial Fibrilation
- Thickened myocardium due to increased myocardial cell size
What is the definition of an aneurysm?
an excessive permanent localized swelling of the wall of a blood vessle
What are some causes of aneurysm formation?
- Age
- Atherosclerosis
- Ischemia
- Hypertension
- inflammation
- Diabetes
- Autoimmune diseases
- Bacteria
- Bacterial Endocarditis
- Fungus
- Marfan’s Syndrome
- syphilis
How do you treat an aneurysm?
- Stent
- Surgery
- Reducing arterial Pressure
Atheroscleotic, Aortic dissection, Berry, Syphilitic and Mycotic (infective) are all categories of what vessle related disease
ANEURYSMS!!
True or false,
Secondary Hypertension is the most common type of hypertension
FALSE
- Primary (essential) hypertension is the most common type (95%)
- Secondary (5-10%)
What are risk factors for primary (essential) hypertension
- Genetic
- Diet (high sodium)
- Lifestyle (stress+activity)
- Weight (ovesity)
- Alcohol
- Smoking
What can cause secondary hypertension
- Renal problems (polycyctic kidney disease)
- Endocrine disease (Thyrotoxicosis)
- Vascular (raised intravascular volume)
- Neurogenic problems (acute stress-surgery)
what organs are affected by hypertension???
- Blood vessles (damaged)
- Heart (Heart attack/failure)
- Kidney (kidney failure+renal failure)
- Eyes (retinopathy)
- Brain (stroke)
What does the term MACROANGIOPATHY mean in terms of hypertension
It’s disease of the large blood vessles. Its a complication of high BP. Causes Atherosclerosis
Causes increased risk of dissection, rupture and MI
What does the term MICROANGIOPATHY mean in terms of hypertension
It’s disease of small blood vessles. It’s a complication of high BP and causes arteriolsclerosis
Causes increased risk of dissection, rupture and MI
What does Dissection mean in realtion to blood vessles?
It’s when there’s a tear in the inner layer of the vessel wall causing the blood to flow not only down the lumen but town the dissection too!
What damage does diabetic vascular disease cause?
-Damage to kidneys
-Damage to vessles generally (athrosclerosis)
-Damage to Nerves
-Damage to retinas
can cause:
-gangrene
-Renal Faiulre
-Blindness
Name some Congenital Cardiovascular problems…
- Septal defects (atrial / ventricular)
- Failure of blood vessles to close
- Narrowed Aorta
- Valvular Abnormalities
- Vessles the wrong way round
- Coronary Artery Defects
- Multiple defects (Fallot’s Tetralogy)
