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Year 2 Pathology > Disorders of Growth (Cancer) > Flashcards

Disorders of Growth (Cancer) Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a NEOPLASM

A

It’s an abnormal mass of tissue which grows faster and unco-ordinated compared to normal tissues. It keeps growing at the same rate/manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

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2
Q

What’s NEOPLASIA?

A

It’s the process which forms a NEOPLASM

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3
Q

What’s the definition of TUMOUR?

A
  • It means swelling.

- But unconventionally is used as a synonym for neoplasm.

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4
Q

What sort of factors are taken into account in order to classify a tumour/neoplasm.

A
  • The behaviour (is it benign/malignant)
  • What does it look like (site of it/ conformation of it)
  • Histological factors (What tissue does it look like, how close does it resemble)
  • Cell of origin of the cancer (Histogenesis)
  • How did it come about:Aetiological (inheritance v Environmental)
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5
Q

What are the properties of a benign tumour?

A
  • It grows by expansion
  • Displaces adjacent tissue
  • Cannot metastasise
  • Can be harmful if compresses organs/ parts of the body (eg- in the brain)
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6
Q

What are the properties of malignant tumours?

A
  • Malignant tumours grow by infiltration of local tissues

- Has the ability to spread to other parts of the body and metastasise

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7
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary tumour?

A

Primary tumours are the ORIGINAL malignant tumour.

Secondary tumours are the ‘offspring’ of a primary malignant tumour.

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8
Q

Give some examples of possible routes of metastasis…

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
  • Transcoelomic (the spread of tumour through bodily cavities)
  • Along epithelial-lines space
  • Within epithelium
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9
Q

What does Transcoelomic mean?

A

It mean the spread of a tumour through bodily cavities (ie peritoneal/pleural)

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10
Q

How does a tumour metastasise through lymphatics?

A
  • May directly invade lymphatics.

- And emboli can be filtered out then grow in lymph nodes.

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11
Q

How does a tumour spread through blood?

A
  • May invade blood vessles

- Emboli may be filtered out by capillary beds - lung, liver

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12
Q

What is an example of how a tumour may spread within the epithilium:

  • Peritoneal or pleural
  • Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of the lung
  • Paget’s disease of the nipple, vulva and anus
A

An example of a tumour spreadingWITHIN EPITHELIUM is:

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

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13
Q

What is an example of how a tumour may metastesize through blood:

  • Stromal (connective tissue) malignancy and later stages of epithelial malignancy
  • Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma of lung
  • Peritoneal/ pleural
A

METASTASIS VIA BLOOD is:

Typical of stromal (connective tissue) malignancy and later stages of epithelial malignancy

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14
Q

Name some particular sights of metastases

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Liver (GIT carcinoma, bronchus, breast)
  • Lungs (thyroid, breast, kidney)
  • Bone (breast, thyroid, bronchus, prostate, uterus)
  • Brain (bronchus carcinoma)
  • Endocrines (Bronchus carcinoma)
  • Skin (melanoma, kidney)
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15
Q

What factors affect the naming of cancers?

A

The name of cancers depends on:

  • Their site
  • Behaviour
  • Histogenesis (cell type)
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16
Q

What names are given to benign epithelial tumours?

A

The names given to benign epithelial tumours are:

  • Adenoma
  • Papilloma
  • Cystadenoma
  • Polyp
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17
Q

Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma and Polyps are all what type of tumour

A

Adenoma, Papilloma, Polyp and Cystadenoma are all BENIGN EPITHELIAL TUMOURS

18
Q

What is the definition of a Polpy

A

A polyp is a mass attached to a surface which may or may not be a neoplasm

19
Q

What is the term ‘Cancer’

A

It means any malignant tumour

20
Q

What does the term ‘Carcinoma’ mean?

A

It’s a malignant tumour of epithelial tissue

21
Q

What is a ‘Sarcoma’

A

It’s a malignant tumour of stromal tissue (connective tissue)

22
Q

What name is given to the cancer of connective tissue (STROMAL tissue)

A

SARCOMA is the name given to a malignant stromal tissue (connective tissue)

23
Q

_________ is the name given to a malignant epithelial tumour?

A

CARCINOMA is the name given to a malignant tumour of the epithelial tissue

24
Q

Is a mesenchymal tumour likely to be malignant if it ends in
-OMA
or
-SARCOME

A

OMA is if it’s benign. SARCOMA if it’s malignant
eg:
-Lipoma (benign)
-Liposarcoma (malignant)

25
Q

True or false…

Not all leukaemia are malignant

A

FALSE!!! All leukaemia are regarded as malignant.

26
Q

What is Leukaemia

A

It’s a neoplasm (origional tumour) if the haemopoietic stem cells, which spill over into the blood stream.

27
Q

What is LYMPHOMA

Hint- it’s an exception to the ending rule

A

It’s malignant growth of the cells of the lymphoid tissue (cancer of tissues supporting the immune system)

2 Types- Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s

28
Q

What is needed for a tumour to be classed as ‘Hodgkin’s disease’? (lymphoma)

A

A mixture of cells including Reed-sternberg cells

Whereas non-hodgkin’s lymphoma there is NO cellular mixture

29
Q

What is needed to characterise Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is characterised by a LACK of cellular mixture.

Compared to Hodgkin’s lymphoma where there is a mixture of cells including Reed-sternberg cells

30
Q

What is a TERATOMA?

A

It’s a tumour that arises from ‘totipotential’ cells producing all three germ cell layers (ovary, testes and midline)

So can cause strange tissue to grow in odd places.

31
Q

What would be classed as a Premalignant condition?

A

Premalignant condition can be lesions with an increased risk of the development of invasive tumours.
Can be either non-neoplastic or neoplastic.

32
Q
  • Chronic Inflammation
  • Cirrhosis of the liver
  • Chronic ulcerative colitis

Are all example of non-neoplastic or neoplatic premalignant conditions?

A

There are all Non-Neoplastic

because there is no tumour there

33
Q
  • Familial Polyposis coli
  • Intra-epithelial neoplasia

Are all examples of what premalignant condition:

  • Neoplastic
  • Non-neoplastic
A

These are NEOPLASTIC as there is already a tumour in place.

34
Q

What is Familial polyposis coli?

A

It’s a condition by which there are 1000s of large intestinal adenomas and carcinoma is inevitable. it’s inhereted (autosomal dominant)

35
Q

What’s the difference between Grading and Staging a tumour

A

Grading is how bad it looks (subjective) and staging is how far its got (objective)

36
Q

What’s the TNM system for grading tumours stand for?

A

It stands for :
T- Size of tumour (T1-T4)
N-extent of lymph NODE involvement (n0-N3)
M- Distal Metastesis (M0-M1)

37
Q

What are some effects of benign tumours

A
  • Mechanical pressure (eg on brain)
  • Obstruction
  • Ulceration
  • Infarction of growing tumour
  • Infection (bladder papilloma)
  • Rupture of cyctic neoplasm (eg appendix)
  • Hormones (pacreas tumour)
  • Malignant change
38
Q

What are some effects of Malignant tumours?

A

They have all the physical effects of benign tumours but also:

  • Tissue degredation
  • Haemorrhage
  • Secondary Infection
  • Cachexia (sever weight loss)
  • Pain
  • Amaemia (haemorrhage, bone marrow depletion)
  • Paraneoplastic syndromes (disorder of altered immune system from the cancer)
39
Q

What’s Para-neoplastic Syndrome?

A

It’s a disorder of altered immune system from the cancer. Causes eptopic hormone production. eg:

  • carcinoma of bronchus may cause cushing’s syndrome, over ADH secretion, secretion of PTH
  • Fibrosarcoma - hypoglycaemia
  • Renal carcinoma - EPO
  • ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS - epidermal growth factor analogue
40
Q

What’s ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS?

A

It’s a category of paraneoplastic syndrome where the body produces hormones as a result of the tumour. In this case- darkening of the skin (neck, underarms) caused by epidermal growth factor analogue.

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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