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Year 2 Pathology > Infections > Flashcards

Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Name some of the classes of infectious agents???

A
  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi (inc yeasts)
  • Parasites
  • Prions
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2
Q

Name an organism that is capable of living in any tissue?

A

Staph aureus (makes coagulase)

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3
Q

Name an organism that is capable of releasing products that damage widely??

A

Ecoli (produces endotoxins that spread via the blood streat)

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4
Q

True or false:
These organisms are capable of living and reproducing in many tissues:
Influenza virus, aspergillus, clostridium spp.

A

FALSE
These organisms live in very few condtions:
-influenza viruses bind to sialic (neuraminic) acid on respiratory mucosa
-Aspergillus spp sporulate only when in contact with air
-Clostridium spp require hypoxic conditions

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5
Q

True or false:

C.Diff and C.botulinum release toxins that can damage many tissues?

A

FALSE

  • C,diff releases a chemical that harms the large intesting mucosa
  • Clostridium botulinum releases a toxin ingested with food
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6
Q

What are ENOtoxins?

A

They are products of cells that have died. Produced by intact bacteria. Typically have specific effects.

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7
Q

What are ENDOtoxins?

and how does it damage tissue

A
  • Components of bacterial cell walls
  • Trigger compliment cascade
  • Trigger coagulation cascade
  • Induce interleukin 1(cause fever)
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8
Q

What is the name of the thing that is on the surface of bacterial cell walls that allow adhesion?

A

Pili

hair like projection- means hair in latin

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9
Q

Various types of bacteria release a certain chemical called ‘collagenaese’. What does collagenaese do?

A

It breaks down collagen and allows the bacteria to pass through bodily tissues.

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10
Q

Given an example of a immune cross- reaction…

A

EG

Streptococcal sore throat can lead to rheumatic fever. Because the antibodies react with cardiac muscle.

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11
Q

Name some ways in which Viruses can damage tissue…

A
  • Direct cytopathic effect (influenza virus, hepatitis A)
  • Immune reactions (hep B and C, T1DM (perhaps))
  • Incorporation of viral genes into host genome (variety of oncogenic [cancer cells potential] viruses)
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12
Q

What is the yeast infection candida albicans associated with?

A

LOCAL (thrush):

  • Oral/vaginal
  • Poor hygene
  • Bacterial/flora alterations (chemo, antibx, diabetes, steroids)
  • Diabetes mellitus

SYSTEMIC:
-Immunosupressed

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13
Q

Name some parasites???

A
  • Protozoa
  • Trematodes (Flukes)
  • Nematodes (roundworm)
  • Castodes (Flatworm/ tapeworms)
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14
Q

What paracites cause these diseases:

  • Amoebiasis (dissentry, liver abscess)
  • Giardiasis (intestine infection, diarrhoea)
  • Malaria
  • Trichomoniasis (trichomonas vaginalis, venereal transmission)
A

These are all Protozoal diseases

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15
Q

What is the name of the paracite that lives in water all over the world (river nile) and gets into the body through skin.

A

SCHOSTOSOMIASIS (flukes/ Teratodes)

Life cycle involves human and water snails. Granulomata in urinary bladder (S Haematobium) or liver (Smansoni or japonicum)

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16
Q

Give some examples of the paracite ‘worms’ and the effects of them…

A

-Roundworms: enterobius vermicularis (threadworms) cause itchy bum. Can see in poo
-Tapeworms: Dipyllobothrium latum rare found in fish: risk with raw fish. Cause B12 deficiency
Echinococcus granulosus (dog tapeworms causing liver cycts)

17
Q

What is the part of the body that is more commonly exposed to bacteria than any other organ

A

The lungs

18
Q

What are some ways our body protects our lungs?

A
  • Nasopharyngeal filtering (hair traps, nasal mucous)
  • Mucocilary apparatus (mucus in bronchi, cilia on columnar cells)
  • Coughing
  • Resident alveolar macrophages
19
Q

Name some factors that can interfere with our body’s defences of the lungs…

A
  • Loss/suppression of cough reflex (anaesthetic, neuro’ disorders, drugs, chest pain, coma)
  • Interference with cilia (smoking, hot gas, viral disease like flu, inherited bad cilia - dyskinesia)
  • Change in mucous (dehidration, cystic fibrosis, chronic bronchitis)
  • Poor alveolar macrophage function (work less well in cigarette smoke/ alcohol)
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Bronchial obstruction
  • Nosocomial infection
20
Q

What are prions?

A

They’re infectious particles with no DNA or RNA.

  • Transmissible somngiform encephalopathy
  • Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
  • Exogenous protein causes conformational changes in endogenous protein
21
Q

A patient comes in a+e with diarrhoea and weight loss. She has been on holiday in India and may have drank water that was contaminated with faecal matter . The doctor says she has a small intestine infection.

What is it?

A

Giardiasis (protozoa disease)

22
Q

A patient is said to have colonisation of the colon causing amoebic dysentery and the Dr won’t give them anti-diorrhea medication as they say the infection must come out.
What is their infection?

A

Amoebiasis (Protozoal disease)

23
Q

A patient went on holiday to Egypt and swam in the Nile. Since coming home they have been diagnosed with a granulomata in the bladder. What could have caused this?

A

Schistosomiasis (a disease caused by Flukes also called trematodes)

24
Q

What’s another name for Trematodes?

A

Flukes

25
Q

Mr X likes to eat sushi with raw fish in. He has recently been diagnosed with random B12 deficiency even though his diet should compensate. What could be causing this?

A

Diphyllobothrium latum (tapeworm)

Caused by raw fish and causes B12 deficiency

26
Q

What parasite reproduces in the GI tract and sits on the bum causing itching. It is visible in faeces and can be treated with OTC medication ‘Pripsem’

A

Treadworms (Enterobius vermicularis)

27
Q

What class of infectious agent is a particle with no DNA or RNA?

A

Prions (=proteins)

They are transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Causes proteins in the body to change shape.

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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