Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 Pathology > Respiratory Pathology > Flashcards

Respiratory Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What consists of the upper respiratory system?

A
  • nose
  • accessory air sunuses
  • Nosopharynx
  • Larynx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What consists of the lower respiratory system?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Terminal Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main lower respiratory infection?

A

Pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name some of the common upper respiratory infections and the symptoms of them.

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Tonsillitis
  • Sinusitis

Symptoms: Malaise, headache, sore throat, discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of Pneumonia (lower airway infection)

A
  • Community Acquired
  • Hospital Acquired
  • Aspiration Pneumonia
  • Narcotising pneumonia and lung abscesses
  • Pneumonia in the immunocompromised host.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of the lower respiratory infection of Pneumonia?

A 
Causes:
Infectious agents, inhilation of chemicals, chest wall trauma
Symptoms:
-Fever
-SOB
-Rigours
-Pleuritic chest pain
-Purulent sputum
-Cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the most common bacteria assosicated with community pneumonia?

A
  • Strep. Pnuemoniae (main one)
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Staph aureus (viral complications+ IVDU compliations)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is nosocomial pneumonia another name for?

A

Hospital Acquired pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

True or false?

Hospital Acquired pneumonia is the most common cause of death in ITU

A

TRUE

Pneumonia is the most common cause of death in ITU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do you get aspiration pneumonia and who is at risk?

A

You get aspiration pneumonia after inhaling foreign material.
People at risk are the elderly, stroke victims, dementia and anaesthetic patients.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the definition of an obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

It’s a disease characterised by partial or complete obstruction at any level from the trachea to respiratory bronchioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What’s a restrictive respiratory disorder?

A

It’s chatacterised by reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Restrictive or Obstructive:

A lung has reduced expansion with decreased total lung capacity?

A

RESTRITIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

COPD, Asthma and Bronchiotatis are all what type of pulmonary disorder?

A

They are Obstructive pulmonary disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give some examples of Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders….

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD (Emphysema, chronic bronchitis)
  • Bronchiectasis (chronic infection leading to destruction and dilation of the airways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What other name is given to COPD?

A

Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What condition does the defy:
Irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.
Pathogenesis= mild chronic inflammation

A

This defines COPD or also known as Emphysema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some of the symptoms of COPD/ Emphysema?

A
  • dyspnoea (SOB)
  • Cough
  • Weezing
  • Weight loss
  • Expiratory airflow limitation
  • Congestive Heart Faiulure
  • Pneumothorax (Gas in pleural space)
19
Q

If a patient had these symptoms, what would you diagnose?
Persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years without any other identifiable cause

A

COPD - Chronic Bronchitis

20
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis (COPD)

A

It’s where the mucous membrane swells with oedema causing excessive mucous production causing narrowing of the bronchioles.

21
Q

what disorder could be classed as a ‘chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways’?

A

ASTHMA

22
Q

What are some symptoms/ Hallmarks of asthma?

A
  • Cough (worse at night/ mornings)
  • Recurrent wheezing
  • Breathlessness
  • Chest tightness
  • Increased mucous secretion
  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
23
Q

What’s BRONCHIECTASIS (not bronchitis!)

A

It’s a permanent destruction and dilation of the airways associated with severe infection or obsturctions.
eg- TB, measles

24
Q

Give some possible causes of RESTRICTIVE respiratory disorders…

(interstitial lung disease)

A
  • Vasculitides
  • Occupational/ environmental
  • Drugs / radiations
  • Hypersensitivity
  • Immunosupressant/ transplantation
  • Infections
  • Sarcoidosis

and more….

25
Q

Some possible symptoms of restrictive lung disease?

A
  • Shortness of breath (dyspnea)
  • Rapid Breathing (tachypnea)
  • End respiratory crackles
  • Eventually cyanosis without wheezing
  • May lead to secondary pulmonary hypertension and right sided failure
  • Scarring and destruction of lung
26
Q

Name some vascular respiratory disorders…

A
  • Pulmonary Embolism

- Pulmonary Hypertension

27
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension and Pulmonary Embolism are both types of what kind of respiratory disorder…

A

They are vascular disorders

28
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism

A

It’s the blockage of a main or branch pulmonary artery by an embolus. Ususally from a DVT (95%)

29
Q

Some possible signs that someone has a pulmonary embolism?

A
  • Abrupt onset pleuratic chest pain
  • SOB
  • Hypoxia
  • Increased pulmonary vascular resistance- right sided ventricular failure
30
Q

What can happen if a pulmonary embilism if left untreated?

A
  • It can cause a central/ peripheral emboli
  • Can cause pulmonary haemorrhage
  • Can cause pulmonary infarction (blocked pulmonary vessels causing lung tissue to die)
31
Q

What condition would describe this:

Accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lung/

A

This describes

PULMONARY OEDEMA

32
Q

What is pulmonary oedema?

A

It’s the accumulation of fluid in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lung

33
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

There’s one type of pulmonary oedema.

A

FALSE : There is many

  • Oedema due to alveolar injury (infections, shock/trauma)
  • Oedema of undetermined origin (neurogenic/ high altitude)
  • Haemodynamic oedema (incresed venous pressure - Lventricular failure or nephrotic syndrome liver failure)
34
Q

Name some types of Pulmonary oedema?

A
  • Odema due to injury (infection, shock or trauma)
  • Undetermined origin (neurogenic/ high altitude)
  • Haemodynamic oedema from increased pressue (Left ventricular failure, nephrotic syndrome liver failure)
35
Q

If someone has these sympoms, what likely is their condition:

  • SOB
  • Pink frothy sputum
  • ‘Heavy wet lungs’
A

Pulmonary Oedema

36
Q

What are some of the characteristics/ symptoms of pulmonary oedema

A
  • Shortness of breath
  • Pink frothy sputum
  • Heavy wet lungs
  • Enlarged alveolar capillaries
  • Fluid accumilation in basal regions
37
Q

What does dyspnea mean?

A

It means shortness of breath

38
Q

What’s a Pneumothorax?

A

A pneumothorax is when there’s air in the pleural cavity.

Can be caused/made worse by ephysema, asthma, tb, trauma, and unknown causes (idiopathic)

39
Q

What is ‘Atelectasis:

A

It’s a partial or full collapse of the lung/ incomplete expansion of lungs.

Causes reduced oxygenation and predisposes to infection.
It’s reversible.

40
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

There’s 1 type of respiratory failure..

A

FALSE:
There’s 2 types of respiratory failure.
-TYPE 1: When the alveoli fill with water (injured lungs/ pulmonary oedema). For example pneumonia
-TYPE 2: When you can’t even get air into lungs due to obstruction/ constriction (COPD, neuromuscluar disease, thoracic wall disease, asthma)

41
Q

What type of respiratory failure would encompass pneumonia

A

Type 1
Because this type of respiratory failure is when fluid, blood, pus fills the lungs. Would also include pulmonary oedema. The fluid stops the air from getting into the blood, giving the name of hypoxemia to type 1.

42
Q

Which type of respiratory failure is also called Hypoxemic?

A

Type 1

Because there’s fluid which stops the air from getting into the blood, giving the name of hypoxemia

43
Q

What type of respiratory failure comes about due to an obstruction/constriction, preventing air from getting into the lungs

A

Type 2 hypoxia..

Could be due to COPD, reduced respiratory drive, neuromuscular disease, thoracic wall disease, asthma.

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions