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Year 2 Pathology > Endocrine System.. > Flashcards

Endocrine System.. Flashcards

1
Q

Give some examples of edocrine organs…

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Adrenas
  • Ovaries
  • Thyroid Gland
  • Parathyroid Glands
  • Pituitary Gland
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2
Q

True of false…

The posterior pituitary releases the most hormones?

A

FALSE

Posterior only releases: ADH and oxytocin. The anterior releases the rest

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3
Q

Give some examples of pituitary diseases…

A
  • Hyperpitutaryism- realted effects (adenomas)
  • Hypopititaryism- realted effects (injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation)
  • Local mass effect (compression of the optic chiasm.
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4
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

A

Adenoma (functional) is the most common cause of hyperpituiraryism.
Cancer and hyperplasia are also causes.

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5
Q
  • Functional-Prolactinoma
  • Non functional
  • Microadenoma
  • Macroadenoma

Are all what???

A

They are pituitary adenomas (benign tumours)

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6
Q

Pituitary diseases can cause lots of syndromes. Name some,..

A
  • Cushing’s disease (ACTH release)
  • Gigantism (kids), Acromegaly (adults) from growth hormone
  • Sexual dysfunction, infertility, amenorrhea, Galactorrhea (prolactin)
  • Hyperthyroidism (TSH)
  • Hypergonadism, mass effects/ Hypopituitaryism (FSH, LH)
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7
Q

What’s HYPERpituitarysim?

A

It’s overproduction of hormones from the pituitary gland. Often caused by functional adenoma.

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8
Q

What’s HYPOpituitaryism?

A

It’s underactive hormone production from the pituitary glands.

Can be caused by ischemic necrosis, non functioning adenomas, surgery, irradiation

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9
Q

Name some causes for HYPOpituitaryism…

A
  • Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary (Sheehan’s syndrome)
  • Non functioning adenomas
  • Surgery/irradiation
  • Inflammatory lesions
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10
Q

Name some causes of HYPERthyroidism…

A
  • Graves disease
  • Over treatment of thyroxine
  • Infective De Quervain’s thyroiditis
  • Toxic Multi-nodular goitre
  • Toxic Adenoma
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11
Q

Signs/ symptoms of HYPERthyroidism….

A
  • Fine, straight hair
  • Intolerance to heat
  • Finger clubbing
  • Tachycardia
  • Weight loss
  • Muscle wasting
  • Breast enlargement
  • Localised Oedema
  • Increased BP
  • Diarrhoea
  • Tremors
  • Bulging eyes
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12
Q

How to treat HYPERthyroidism…

A
  • Testing: clinical + thyroid function tests
  • Treat the cause
  • Carbimazole/ Propylthiouracil
  • Radioiodine
  • Thyroidectomy
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13
Q

Possibe causes of HYPOthyroidism…

A
  • Iodine deficiency
  • Autoimmune -Hashimotos
  • Latrogenic: Surgery/ radioiodine
  • Pituitary Defects
  • Congenital
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14
Q

HYPO-thyroidism symptoms:

A
  • Hair loss
  • Lethargy
  • Dry skin
  • Muscle Aches/ weakness
  • Constapation
  • Cold intolerance
  • Extreme fatugue
  • Brittle nails+ hair
  • Weight gain
  • Bradycardia
  • Thick skin
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15
Q

What is Hashimotos thyroiditis?

A

It’s an autoimmune disease which causes destruction of the thyroid gland.
More common in women. And people between 45-60.

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16
Q

How do you treat HYPOthyroidism?

A

-THYROXINE

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17
Q

True of false:

Thyroid cancer is very common.

A

FALSE

It’s relatively uncommon. The most common type is Papillary Carcinoma (Non-functional tumour)

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18
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

A

It’s role is in calcium regulation.

19
Q

What are possible causes of HYPOparathyroidism…

A
  • Removal by surgery (thyroidectomy)
  • Congenital
  • Hereditary (autoimmune)
20
Q

Irritability, tetany (muscle spasms) and seisures are all symptoms of what disorder?

A

HYPOparathyrpodism (low calcium)

21
Q

What are some of the symptoms of HYPOparathyroidism?

A

There symptoms are due to low calcium:

  • Irritability
  • Tetany
  • Seizures
22
Q

What are the (primary, secondary and tertiary) causes for HYPERparathyroidism?

A
  • PRIMARY Adenoma
  • SECONDARY Chronic renal failure
  • TERTIARY After renal transplant
23
Q

What disorder could these things cause?

  • Adenoma
  • Chronic Renal Faiulre
  • Renal Transplant
A

These things can cause HYPERparathyroidism

24
Q

Which disorder do these symptoms represent?

  • Constipation
  • Depression
  • Seizures
  • Muscle wasting
  • Polyuria
  • Bone fractures
  • Kidney Stones
A

These symptoms are signs of HYPERparathyroidism (high calcium- Hypercalcaemia)

25
Q

What are some of the possible symptoms of HYPERparathyroidism?

A

These are due to high calcium (hypercalcaemia)

  • Constipation
  • Depression
  • Seizures
  • Muscle wasting
  • Polyuria
  • Bone fractures
  • Kidney stones
26
Q

What do the adrenals do?

A

They secrete certain hormones:

  • Zona glomerulosa (outside layer) release MINERALCORTICOIDS (aldosterone)
  • Zona fasciculata (middle layer) GLUCOCORTICOIDS (Cortisol)
  • Zona reticularis (inner layer) SEX HORMOENS (Testosterone, oestrogen)
27
Q

What hormones are released by the adrenals?

A
  • Aldosterone (Mineralcorticoids)
  • Cortisol (Glucocorticoids)
  • Testosterone, Oestrogen (Sex hormones)
28
Q

What are some of the causes of HYPERaldosteronism (adrenal disorder)

A
  • Conn’s disease in more than 50% of cases (primary cause)

- High renin (secondary cause)

29
Q

Name some possible symptoms of Conn’s disease.

main cause for the adrenal disorder HYPERaldosteronism

A

Conn’s disease symptoms:

  • Oedema
  • Hypertension
  • High Sodium
  • Low potassium
30
Q

What disorder do these symptoms represent:

  • Oedema
  • Hypertension
  • High sodium
  • Low potassium
A

These symptoms represent Conn’s disease

the leading cause for the adrenal disorder HYPERaldosteronism

31
Q

What’s the role of the glucocorticoid CORTISOL in the body?

A

Cortisol role:

  • Essential to life
  • Regulates blood sugar
  • Inhibits inflammation
  • Stress response
32
Q

When is cortisol released?

A

It’s released by the normal circadian rhythm. It’s also released in response to stress.

Excess release can cause Cushing’s syndrome.

33
Q

What can cause Cushings syndrome?

the over production of cortisol?

A

Cushing’s syndrome causes:

  • ACTH releasing tumour (pituitary/lung)
  • Steroids
34
Q
  • Moon face
  • Obesity
  • Muscle weakness
  • Skin ulcers
  • Buffalo hump
  • Thin wrinkled skin
  • Hypertension

Are all SE of what disorder?

A

CUSHING’S SYNDROME

the disorder to do with too much cortisol - adrenals

35
Q

What is the name given to adrenal insufficiency?

A

Addison’s disease.

36
Q

What are possible causes for the adrenal sufficiency ADDISON’S disease.

A

Causes for Addison’s disease:

  • Autoimmune
  • Infection
  • Neoplasm
37
Q

Hyperpigmentation (ie in gums), low sodium, high potassium, weight loss and GI disrurbances are all possible symptoms of what:

  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Cushing’s syndrome
  • Addison’s disease
A

These are all symptoms of Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)

38
Q

Give some possible SE of Addison’s disease…

adrenal insufficiency

A
  • Hyperpigmentation (ie of gums)
  • GI disturbances (nausia, vomitting, diarrhoea)
  • Weight loss
  • Low sodium, High potassium
39
Q

Give some examples of Gonadocorticoids (Sex hormones)…

A
  • Testosteone
  • Oestrogen

Both secreted from adrenals

40
Q

What is ‘Phaeochromocytoma’

A

It’s a tumour of the medulla of the adrenal glands.

41
Q

Symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma (adrenal medulla tumour)

A
  • Hypertension
  • Sweating
  • Palpitations
  • Nervousness
  • Increased metabolic ratio
  • Rapid Heart Rate
42
Q

What is the name given to the condition of proliferation of multiple endocrine organs caused by a group of inherited diseases.

A

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN)

There are different types.

43
Q

What’s Multiple endocrine neoplasia? (MEN)

A

MEN is:

Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs

Year 2 Pathology (19 decks)

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