Female Genital Tract

Question 1

What is HPV and what does it stand for?

Answer 1

Human Papilloma Virus

It’s transmitted by sexual contact. Risk increased by numbers of sexual partners. No symptoms. Thought to be main cause of CIN and therefor cervial cancer.

Question 2

What does CIN stand for?

Answer 2

It mean Cervical Intra-epithlial Neiplasm.

It’s the stages for developing cervical cancer

Question 3

Who is at risk of getting Cervical cancer?

Answer 3

• HPV
• Smoking
• Non attendance to CSP screening

Question 4

Name some symptoms of Cervical cancer.

Answer 4

• Abnormal discharge
• Abnormal bleeding
• On examination cervix appears abnormal

Question 5

Name a benign condition affecting the cervix

Answer 5

Endocervical Polyps

Small elongated tumours that grow in the cervix

Question 6

What does Menorrhagia stand for?

Answer 6

It means heavy periods. (more than 80mls blood loss)

1 in 20 women

Question 7

How may you treat heavy periods?

Answer 7

• Mirena coil
• Combined oral contreceptive pill (COCP)
• Mefanamic and tranexamic acid
• Defo provera
• Endometrial ablation
• Hysterectomy

Question 8

Name some symptoms of Endocervical Polyps

Answer 8

• Irregular vaginal bleeding ‘spotting’
• Benign Lesions
• Can be removed at hysteroscopy

Question 9

What are FIBROIDS (leiomyomas)?

Answer 9

They are very common benign tumours of the uterus.

Question 10

What is the name given to the common benign tumour of the Uterus?

Answer 10

FIBROIDS (Leiomyomas)

Arise from myometrium (uterine muscle wall). Can present with heavy painful periods, pelvic pain or distension.
Treatment depends on symptoms and wishes for pregnancy.

Question 11

Name some symptoms of the benign tumours of the uterus (Fibroids)…

Answer 11

• Heavy painful periods
• Pelvic Pain
• Distension

Question 12

Which disease of the uterus is caused by infection that is usually sexually transmitted?

Answer 12

Endometriosis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Question 13

Name some symptoms of Endometriosis and Pelvic Inflammatiry disease?

Answer 13

• Abnormal discharge
• Pain
• Bleeding
• Can be asymptomatic

MAJOR CAUSE OF INFERTILITY

Question 14

What is the name of the condition where Endometrial tissue is in the wrong location (ie outside the endometrium) . Very common benign condition.

Answer 14

ENDOMETRIOSIS

Can present with heavy periods, painful sex and pelvic pain.

Treatment depends on symptoms and often difficult to treat.

Question 15

How do you treat endometriosis?

Answer 15

Depends on symptoms. Often difficult to treat.

• Combined oral contreceptive pill (COCP)
• Mirena coil
• Meds- Zoladex
• Surgery

Question 16

What are endometrial polyps?

Answer 16

They’re benign growths from the endometrial cavity. They can be removed at hysteroscopy

Question 17

What is the name given to the cancer of the lining of the uterus?

Answer 17

Endometrial Cancer

Question 18

What are some of the risk factors for Endometrial Cancer (cancer of the uterus lining)?

Answer 18

• Never given birth (nulliparity)
• High BMI
• HRT
• Late menopause

Question 19

What is the main symptom of Endometrial Cancer which often allows it to be detected early…

Answer 19

Often presents with post menopausa; bleeding and so is detected early.

Treatment usually hysterectomy

Question 20

There are 3 types of Ovarian cyst. Name them …

Answer 20

• Follicular cysts (benign, common, less than 6cms, often asymptomatic)
• Cystadenomas (very large fluid filled cycts. Symptoms caused by pressure effect)
• Benign Mature Teratomas (large cysts filled with solid Substances)

Question 21

What is the name given to a common condition where multiple cycts grow on the ovaries?

Answer 21

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Major cause of infertility

Question 22

What are some of the symptoms of Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome?

Answer 22

• Irregular periods
• No periods
• Infertility
• Many other symptoms (facial hair, low voice, weight gain)

Question 23

What are some of the complications/ risks associated with Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome?

Answer 23

• Increased Cardiovascular risk
• Increased risk of T2DM
• Increased Problems in pregnancy

Question 24

How do you treat Polycyctic Ovarian Syndrome?

Answer 24

• Combined Oral Contreceptive Pill (COCP)
• Metformin
• Clomifene

Question 25

True or false:

In ovarian tumours, if in younger women it’s more likely to be malignant. In older women it’s more likely to be benign?

Answer 25

FALSE

Usually benign in younger women. Usually malignant in older women.

Question 26

What condition is characterised by abnormal growth of things in the ovary (ie hair, teelth, bone)?

Answer 26

Teratoma ‘dermoid cycts’

Question 27

Characteristics of Ovarian Cancer….

Answer 27

• Often asymptomatic if small
• Usually presents late when already spread
• Poorer prognosis compared with endometrial cancer.

Question 28

What are some pregnancy associated diseases?

Answer 28

• Miscarriage
• Ectopic Pregnancy
• Gestational Trophoblastic Disease

Question 29

What is the name given to the loss of pregnancy before 24 weeks?

Answer 29

Miscarriage.

Question 30

Who is at greater risk of miscarriage?

Answer 30

• Increasing age
• Multiple pregnancies
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Diabetes
• Connective Tissue Disorders in mother

Question 31

If anyone young woman with abdominal or pelvic pain, what should you always test for???

Answer 31

ECTOPIC PREGNANCY

Question 32

What factors make someone more at risk of Ectopic Pregnancy?

Answer 32

• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
• Coil
• IVF
• Previous Ectopic Pregnancy
• Pelvic Surgery

Question 33

What is Ectopic Pregnancy?

Answer 33

It’s when an extra uterine pregnancy occurs somewhere other than the uterus (usually fallopian tubes). Occurs in 1% of pregnancies.

Present with pain and unilateral lower abdo pain.

Question 34

How do you treat Ectopic Pregnancy?

Answer 34

It’s almost always Surgical