Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 components of the urinary system

A
  1. 2 Kidneys
  2. 2 Ureters
  3. 1 Urinary Bladder
  4. 1 Urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 combining words forms for kidney?

A
  1. Nephro-
  2. Reno-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what 5 ways does the kidney help maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Blood filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
  2. Fluid balance regulation
  3. Acid-base balance regulation
  4. Hormone production
  5. Blood pressure regulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 major functions of the kidneys?

A
  1. Urine production > waste removal
  2. Manipulating blood plasma > help maintain homeostasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The amount of urine produced relies on what?

A

Amount of water in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which 2 hormones control the amount of water in urine?

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
  2. Aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the overproduction of urine due to excess water in the body

A

Diuresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the production of small amounts of urine when the body needs to conserve water

A

Oliguria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the lack of urine production when the body severely needs to conserve water

A

Anuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the kidneys remove from the blood to maintain proper blood pH?

A
  1. Acidic hydrogen ions
  2. Alkaline bicarbonate ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the thick layer of fat surrounding the kidneys to protect them from pressure exerted by surrounding organs

A

Perirenal Fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kidneys are located ________ to the abdominal cavity

A

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain how the kidneys are retroperitoneal to the abdominal cavity

A

Outside the parietal peritoneum
Between peritoneum + dorsal abdominal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the indented area on the medial side of the kidney where blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and the ureters enter and leave the kidney

A

Hilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

a funnel-shaped, elastic urine collection chamber inside the hilus that forms the beginning of the ureter

A

Renal Pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

the reddish brown, granular-looking outer portion of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the smooth, inner portion of the kidney around the renal pelvis that has a dark purple outer area and a pale, gray-red inner area

A

Renal Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

a kidney structure characterized by a scalloped-shaped medulla, made of numerous pyramid-shaped areas with the apex pointing to the renal pelvis or directly to the ureter, and a cortex that fills in around the scallops

A

Multipyramidal (Multilobar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

a kidney structure characterized by fused medullary pyramids that occupy the entire inner area and a cortex that is pushed to the outside area only

A

Unipyramidal (Unilobar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which species have multilobar vs unilobar kidney structures?

A
  1. Multilobar - cattle and pigs
  2. Unilobar - dogs, horses, cats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the basic functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

funnel-shaped extensions that direct urine into the renal pelvis so it can move into the ureter

A

Calyx (pl. Calyces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

of nephrons per kidney varies by what?

A

Size of the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

List the 4 components of a nephron

A
  1. Renal corpuscle
  2. Proximal convoluted tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal convoluted tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

a tuft of glomerular capillaries in the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a double-walled capsule that surrounds the glomerulus of the renal corpuscle

A

Bowman’s Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

inner layer of the Bowman’s capsule made of podocytes that adheres to the surfaces of all glomerular capillaries

A

Visceral Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the outer layer of the Bowman’s capsule

A

Parietal Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the region between the visceral and parietal layers of the Bowman’s capsule and is continuous with the proximal convoluted tubule

A

Capsular Space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the fluid that is filtered out of blood by the renal corpuscle

A

Glomerular Filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The structure that filters blood in the first stage of urine production

A

Renal Corpuscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the filtered fluid after it leaves the renal corpuscle

A

Tubular Filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

structures that carry tubular filtrate through the medulla into the calyces and play an important role in urine volume, potassium regulation, and acid-base balance control

A

Collecting Ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which nervous system causes vasoconstriction of renal vessels to temporarily decrease urine function?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the blood vessels of the kidney that branch off the abdominal aorta and enter the kidney at the hilus

A

Renal Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the blood vessels of the kidney that carry blood into the glomerular capillaries of the renal corpuscle

A

Afferent Glomerular Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

the blood vessels of the kidney that link the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles and is the only place in the body where blood entering and leaving the capillaries is oxygenated blood

A

Glomerular Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

the blood vessels of the kidney that divide into a network of capillaries that surround the rest of the nephron

A

Efferent Glomerular Arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the blood vessels of the kidney that surround the nephron coverage to form venules

A

Peritubular Capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the blood vessels that leave the kidney at the hilus and joins the abdominal portion of the caudal vena cava and hold the purest blood in the body

A

Renal Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What can be an indicator of glomerular damage?

A

Abnormal amounts of protein in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

term used to describe how fast plasma is filtered as it passes through the glomerulus

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate expressed as?

A

Milliliters per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate depends on _______

A

the rate of blood flow to the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the process by which sodium in the tubular filtrate attaches to a carrier protein that actively carries it into the PCT epithelial cell, while at the same time glucose and amino acids attach to the same protein and passively follow the sodium into the cell

A

Sodium Cotransport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the elimination of the remaining waste products and foreign substances not filtered from the blood by transferring them from peritubular capillaries to the interstitial fluid, the tubular epithelial cells, and into the tubular filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

45
Q

Urine volume regulation is determined by ________

A

the amount of water contained in the tubular filtrate when it reaches the renal pelvis

46
Q

What organ secretes ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

47
Q

What organ secretes aldosterone?

A

Adrenal cortex

47
Q

How does ADH influence urine volume regulation?

A

Promotes water reabsorption

48
Q

How does a lack of ADH influence the urinary system?

A

No ADH > water not reabsorbed > water lost in urine > polyuria

49
Q

How does aldosterone influence urine volume regulation?

A

Promotes sodium reabsorption

50
Q

How does sodium reabsorption via aldosterone influence urine volume regulaton?

A

Increased sodium reabsorption > osmotic imbalance > water wants to follow sodium out of tubular filtrate > into blood

51
Q

a tube that exits the kidney at the hilus and connects to the urinary bladder near the neck of the bladder at its caudal end

A

Ureter

52
Q

the arrangement of the 2 openings from the ureters into the bladder and the opening from the bladder into the urethra

A

Trigone of the Bladder

53
Q

What type of epithelium lines the inner layer of the ureters? Why?

A

Transitional Epithelium > allows it to stretch

54
Q

Where does each ureter leave its kidney?

A

At the hilus

55
Q

Why is the smooth muscle in the middle layer of the ureters important?

A

Peristaltic contractions > propels urine through ureters > urine moves to bladder regardless of body position

56
Q

List the 2 components of the urinary bladder

A
  1. Muscular sac
  2. Neck
57
Q

bundles of smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder function to expel urine from the urinary bladder

A

Detrusor Muscle

58
Q

Which part of the urinary bladder is under voluntary control?

A

Circular sphincter muscle in the neck of the bladder

59
Q

the expulsion of urine from the urinary bladder into the urethra for elimination from the body

A

Urination

60
Q

Micturition

A

Urination

61
Q

Uresis

A

Urination

62
Q

What are the 3 steps to urination?

A
  1. Urine Accumulation
  2. Muscle Contraction
  3. Sphincter Muscle Control
63
Q

Explain the differences between the urethras of male and female animals

A

Females
- short and straight
- opens on ventral portion of the vestibule of the vulva

Males
- long and curved
- runs along ventral aspect of the penis

64
Q

The ureters of (females/males) have both urinary and reproductive functions

A

Males

65
Q

the laboratory evaluation of a urine sample

A

Urinalysis (UA)

66
Q

What are some conditions a UA can help identify?

A
  1. Infections
  2. Crystalluria
  3. Urinary calculi
  4. Diabetes mellitus
67
Q

List the 3 steps to complete a UA

A
  1. Gross examination of the physical properties of the sample
  2. Chemical analysis of substances dissolved in the urine
  3. Microscopic examination of the sediment in the urine
68
Q

What 5 physical properties do you examine for a UA?

A
  1. Volume
  2. Color
  3. Odor
  4. Transparency
  5. Specific Gravity (SG)
69
Q

a reflection of the concentration of the urine that is measured using a refractometer

A

Specific Gravity (SG)

70
Q

What 7 things are you looking for in the chemical analysis of a UA?

A
  1. Urine pH
    Presence of:
  2. Protein
  3. Glucose
  4. Ketones
  5. Bile pigments - bilirubin and urobilinogen
  6. RBCs
  7. WBCs
71
Q

What 6 types of sediment are you looking for in the microscopic examination of a UA?

A

Presence of:
1. RBCs
2. WBCs
3. Epithelial Cells
4. Tubular cells
5. Crystals
6. Microorganisms - bacteria, fungi, parasites

72
Q

What are the 2 methods of UA sample collection?

A
  1. Catheterization
  2. Cystocentesis
73
Q

How do you perform a cystocentesis?

A
  1. Needle inserted through skin of lower abdomen > into the bladder
  2. Urine is drawn directly from the bladder through needle > into sterile syringe
74
Q

a series of pads that are each impregnated with a chemical that causes a color change to indicate the presence of a particular substance in the urine

A

Reagent Strips

75
Q

What is used to perform the chemical analysis of a UA?

A

Reagent strips

76
Q

How do you perform the microscopic examination of sediment in a UA?

A
  1. Urine placed in a test tube > centrifuged > concentrates sediment into a pellet at bottom of tube
  2. Sediment examined microscopically
77
Q

the limited amount of glucose that can be reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubules

A

Renal Threshold of Glucose

78
Q

What is the renal threshold of glucose for dogs vs cats?

A

Dogs ~180 mg/dl
Cats ~240 mg/dl

79
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold?

A

Excess lost in urine

80
Q

the presence of glucose in the urine

A

Glycosuria

81
Q

abnormally high urine volume production which results in frequent urination

A

Polyuria

82
Q

a condition where certain substances in the kidneys prevent water from being reabsorbed and results in polyuria

A

Osmotic Diuresis

83
Q

increased and excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

84
Q

Give the 2 classifications of renal failure

A
  1. Acute
  2. Chronic
85
Q

Renal failure due to sudden necrosis of the renal tubules via toxicity or decreased renal perfusion

A

Acute Renal Failure

86
Q

What is the critical point for chronic renal failure?

A

Destruction of 2/3 of the nephrons in the kidneys

87
Q

Give 5 clinical signs of chronic renal failure

A
  1. Proteinuria
  2. Dilute urine
  3. Uremia
  4. Azotemia
  5. Nausea/Vomiting
88
Q

the presence of protein in the urine and is one of the earliest signs of chronic renal failure

A

Proteinuria

89
Q

the abnormal buildup of urea in the blood

A

Uremia

90
Q

the abnormal buildup of creatinine in the blood

A

Azotemia

91
Q

What causes the nausea and vomiting in chronic renal failure?

A

The uremia and azotemia

92
Q

What is the treatment for chronic renal failure?

A
  1. Treat clinical signs > improve quality of life
  2. Fluid therapy
  3. Low protein + mineral diet
93
Q

a disease characterized by a water imbalance, polyuria and compensatory polydipsia due either to (1) inadequate ADH levels and thus causing the collecting duct to reabsorb inadequate amounts of water or (2) the collecting ducts being unable to respond to the presence of adequate amounts of ADH

A

Diabetes Insipidus

94
Q

term for any pathologic condition that results in inability of the urinary system to remove waste materials adequately from the blood

A

Renal Dysfunction

95
Q

the presence of urea in the blood

A

Uremia

96
Q

What are the 3 types of uremia?

A
  1. Prerenal Uremia
  2. Renal Uremia
  3. Postrenal Uremia
97
Q

the condition in which the kidneys are functioning normally but the blood flow to them has decreased, which results in the inadequate removal of waste materials

A

Prerenal Uremia

98
Q

the condition in which there is adequate blood flow to the kidneys but they are unable to regulate urine production adequately due to a decrease in functional nephrons, which results in waste materials unable to be removed from the blood

A

Renal Uremia

99
Q

the condition in which there is adequate blood flow to the kidneys and a normal amount of functioning nephrons, but there is an obstruction preventing urine from being expelled from the body

A

Postrenal Uremia

100
Q

How do you diagnose uremia?

A

Evaluate BUN levels in blood sample

101
Q

What does BUN stand for?

A

Blood urea nitrogen

102
Q

aggregate of calculus in the urinary tract

A

Urolith

103
Q

What are 2 other names for uroliths?

A
  1. Urinary Stones
  2. Urinary Calculi
104
Q

What are the most common types of uroliths in dogs?

A

Struvite

105
Q

What are the most common types of uroliths in ruminants?

A
  1. Struvite
  2. Calcium Carbonate
  3. Calcium Oxalate
106
Q

the condition in which urinary stones are present anywhere in the urinary system

A

Urolithiasis

107
Q

inflammation of the bladder

A

Cystitis

108
Q

inflammation of the urethra

A

Urethritis

109
Q

What makes feline uroliths different from other species?

A

Much smaller and resemble sand instead of large stones

110
Q

What are the most common types of uroliths in cats?

A
  1. Struvite
  2. Calcium oxalate

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions