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anatomy & physiology 2 > The Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

The Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

herbivores with large microbial fermentation chambers where plant materials are partially broken down before the food reaches the stomach

A

Ruminants

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2
Q

herbivores that have an extremely well developed and expansive fermentation chamber (cecum) at the junction of the small and large intestines that allows microbes to help break down plant materials

A

Nonruminants

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3
Q

animals with a GI tract that is responsible for converting consumed meals into nutrients and energy without the aid of a microbial fermentation chamber

A

Carnivores

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4
Q

the part of the breakdown process in which larger molecules are broken down into their smaller component parts

A

Digestion

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5
Q

List the 2 types of digestion

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
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6
Q

Another name for the gastrointestinal tract

A

Alimentary Canal

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7
Q

referring to the stomach

A

Gastric

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8
Q

referring to the intestines

A

Enteric

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9
Q

List the 4 layers of the GI tract walls

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular Layers
  4. Serosa or Adventitia
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10
Q

What are the 2 sublayers in the muscular layer of the GI tract wall?

A
  1. Inner Circular Layer
  2. Outer Longitudinal Layer
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11
Q

the name for the outermost layer of the GI tract walls if that part of the GI tract is suspended from the body cavity

A

Serosa

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12
Q

the name for the outermost layer of the GI tract walls if that part of the GI tract is surrounded by other tissue

A

Adventitia

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13
Q

controls both motor and secretory functions of the GI tract, contains its own “pacemaker” cells, and is influenced by the autonomic nervous system

A

Enteric Nervous System

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14
Q

In what 2 ways does the autonomic nervous system affect the enteric nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic Nervous System > enhances digestive processes
  2. Sympathetic Nervous System > inhibits digestive processes
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15
Q

Give the 2 plexuses of the enteric nervous system

A
  1. Meissner’s Plexus (submucosal plexus)
  2. Auerbach’s Plexus (myenteric plexus)
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16
Q

the entrance to the GI tract

A

Buccal (Oral) Cavity

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17
Q

Give the 2 parts of the buccal cavity

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Oral Cavity Proper
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18
Q

the space between the outer surface of the teeth and the surrounding lips and cheeks

A

Vestibule

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19
Q

the lateral walls of the oral cavity vestibule

A

Cheeks

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20
Q

the opening into the oral cavity whose boundary is marked by the lips

A

Oral Fissure

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21
Q

the process of bringing food into the oral cavity with the lips or teeth

A

Prehension

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22
Q

the mechanical grinding and breaking down of food into smaller pieces that can be easily swallowed and mixing the food with saliva in order to lubricate and soften the food

A

Mastication

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23
Q

the cleft dividing the 2 halves of the upper lip that can be deeper or shallower depending on the species

A

Philtrum

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24
Q

the space bordered by the inner surface of the teeth laterally and rostrally and by the hard and soft palate dorsally

A

Oral Cavity Proper

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25
Q

the dorsal border of the oral cavity

A

Palate

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26
Q

the part of the palate made up of the palatine, maxillary, and incisive bones which are covered in a mucous membrane

A

Hard Palate

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27
Q

the part of the palate made up of muscle and connective tissue and divides the pharynx into an oropharynx and the nasopharynx

A

Soft Palate

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28
Q

Which subdivisions of the palate are the hard vs soft palate?

A

Hard Palate > rostral part of the palate
Soft Palate > caudal part of the palate

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29
Q

the lower part of the pharynx that connects with the mouth

A

Oropharynx

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30
Q

the upper part of the pharynx that leads to the nasal passageway

A

Nasopharynx

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31
Q

sockets or cavities that house teeth

A

Alveoli

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32
Q

the structure that holds teeth in their sockets

A

Periodontal Ligament

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33
Q

the part of the tooth that projects above the gingiva

A

Crown

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34
Q

the gums

A

Gingiva

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35
Q

the part of the tooth embedded in the alveoli below the gingiva

A

Root

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36
Q

the tip of the root of a tooth where the blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth

A

Apex (pl. Apices)

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37
Q

the area of the tooth where the crown and the root meet

A

Neck

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38
Q

Why is it important to know what the different surfaces of the teeth are called?

A

Proper documentation where a lesion has occurred on the tooth

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39
Q

referencing the outer surfaces of the teeth that face the cheeks

A

Buccal

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40
Q

referencing the outer surfaces of the teeth that face the lips

A

Labial

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41
Q

references in the inner surfaces of the teeth that face the tongue

A

Lingual

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42
Q

references the inner surfaces of the teeth that face the soft palate

A

Palatal

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43
Q

references the surface between teeth that faces the midline or center of the dental arch

A

Mesial

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44
Q

references the surface between teeth that faces away from the midline or center of the dental arch

A

Distal

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45
Q

references the surfaces on the upper and lower teeth that come together when the mouth is closed

A

Occlusal (Masticatory)

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46
Q

referencing something toward the crown of the tooth

A

Coronal

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47
Q

referencing something toward the root of the tooth

A

Apical

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48
Q

Give the 5 layers of the tooth

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentin
  3. Pulp Cavity
  4. Cementum
  5. Periodontal Membrane
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49
Q

the thin layer of hard white material that covers the crown of the tooth and is the hardest substance in the body

A

Enamel

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50
Q

the layer the forms the bulk of the tooth

A

Dentin

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51
Q

the inner layer of the tooth that contains the blood supply and nerves which supply the tooth

A

Pulp Cavity

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52
Q

a thin bonelike covering over the roots of brachyodont teeth and most of the entire tooth superficial to the enamel in hypsodont teeth

A

Cementum

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53
Q

the dense fibrous connective tissue that links the cementum with the alveolar wall, anchoring the tooth into the jaw

A

Periodontal Membrane

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54
Q

What are the 2 classifications of teeth?

A
  1. Brachyodont Teeth
  2. Hypsodont Teeth
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55
Q

teeth that have relatively small crowns and well developed roots and do not continually grow

A

Brachyodont Teeth

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56
Q

teeth that grow continuously during most of the life of the animal due to a large reserve of crown beneath the gingiva

A

Hypsodont Teeth

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57
Q

List the 2 types of hypsodont teeth

A
  1. Radicular Hypsodont
  2. Aradicular Hypsodont
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58
Q

teeth whose apices of their roots remain open for a significant portion of the animal’s life but do eventually close and stop growing

A

Radicular Hypsodont Teeth

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59
Q

teeth that lack a true root and grow continuously throughout the life of the animal

A

Aradicular Hypsodont Teeth

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60
Q

the filing down of sharp points and hooks on teeth to create a level occlusal surface

A

Floating the Teeth

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61
Q

the process of recontouring a tooth surface

A

Odontoplasty

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62
Q

the set of teeth present in the jaw at birth but erupt through the gums at different times in different species and tend to be smaller and whiter

A

Deciduous Dentition

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63
Q

the set of adult teeth

A

Permanent Dentition

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64
Q

refers to teeth of differing shapes and sizes

A

Heterodont Dentition

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65
Q

Give the 4 types of teeth

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canines
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
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66
Q

teeth that are small and often used to cut and nibble food

A

Incisors

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67
Q

What bone are the incisors in?

A

Premaxilla (Incisive Bone)

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68
Q

a thickened region found in ruminants that lower incisors can grind and crush food upon

A

Dental Pad

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69
Q

teeth that are sharp and pointed and are used to tear flesh and hold prey

A

Canines

70
Q

What bones are the canines found in?

A
  1. Maxilla (upper)
  2. Mandible (lower)
71
Q

teeth that act like shears, cutting and grinding food into smaller pieces for swallowing

A

Premolars

72
Q

What bones are the premolars in?

A
  1. Maxilla (upper)
  2. Mandible (lower)
73
Q

teeth that assist in grinding food into smaller particles but are only found in adult dentition

A

Molars

74
Q

What bones are the molars in?

A
  1. Maxilla (upper)
  2. Mandible (lower)
75
Q

the largest cutting teeth in the jaw of carnivores

A

Carnassial Teeth

76
Q

indicates how many of each type of tooth are present on ONE side of the oral cavity and is used to help document any diseased or missing teeth

A

Dental Formula

77
Q

List the tooth abbreviations for each type of tooth

A

I = incisors
C = canines
P = premolars
M = molars

Uppercase = permanent teeth
Lowercase = deciduous teeth

78
Q

What is the dental formula equation?

A

Dental Formula = 2[tooth abbreviation][# of teeth of that type in upper jaw/#teeth of that type in lower jaw]

79
Q

the consistent system across species used to chart and locate specific teeth by numbering teeth beginning at the midline of the upper arch and continuing caudally

A

Triadan System

80
Q

Triadan System: 100 series

A

Right Maxillary Arch (Permanent Teeth)

81
Q

Triadan System: 200 series

A

Left Maxillary Arch (Permanent Teeth)

82
Q

Triadan System: 300 series

A

Left Mandibular Arch (Permanent Teeth)

83
Q

Triadan System: 400 series

A

Right Mandibular Arch (Permanent Teeth)

84
Q

Triadan System: 500 series

A

Right Maxillary Arch (Deciduous Teeth)

85
Q

Triadan System: 600 series

A

Left Maxillary Arch (Deciduous Teeth)

86
Q

Triadan System: 700 series

A

Left Mandibular Arch (Deciduous Teeth)

87
Q

Triadan System: 800 series

A

Right Mandibular Arch (Deciduous Teeth)

88
Q

the arrangement of teeth into 2 arches, one on the upper jaw and one on the lower jaw

A

Dental Arcade

89
Q

Give the 2 types of muscles in the tongue

A
  1. Extrinsic Muscles
  2. Intrinsic Muscles
90
Q

muscles in the tongue that anchor it in place

A

Extrinsic Muscles

91
Q

muscles in the tongue that originate and insert on the tongue itself and make up the majority of the mass of the tongue

A

Intrinsic Muscles

92
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tongue?

A
  1. Apex
  2. Body
  3. Root
93
Q

the free unattached mobile tip of the tongue

A

Apex

94
Q

the long and slender part of the tongue that links the two ends together

A

Body

95
Q

the part of the tongue that anchors it to the hyoid bone and the sides of the mandible

A

Root

96
Q

structures that deposit saliva into the oral cavity via ducts

A

Salivary Glands

97
Q

a substance important to digestion, lubrication, antibacterial action, pH regulation, and thermoregulation that is made up of water, proteins, electrolytes, IgA, glycoproteins, salivary bicarbonate and enzymes

A

Saliva

98
Q

an enzyme that breaks down proteins

A

Protease

99
Q

an enzyme that breaks down fat molecules

A

Lipase

100
Q

an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates but is only found in pigs and rats and is minimal in horses

A

Amylase

101
Q

an enzyme found in the saliva, along with immunoglobulins, that helps control the bacterial population in the oral cavity

A

Lysozyme

102
Q

List the 3 main salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid salivary gland
  2. Mandibular salivary gland
  3. Sublingual salivary gland
103
Q

a condylar joint that forms the connection between the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

A

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

104
Q

What are the 3 allowable movement by the TMJ?

A
  1. Extension
  2. Flexion
  3. Translation
105
Q

the movement of the mandible laterally and rostrally

A

Translation

106
Q

What influences the amount of possible translation of the TMJ?

A

Dietary preferences between species

107
Q

Carnivores vs Herbivores - which has a higher degree of TMJ translation? why?

A

Carnivores - lower degree > barely chew
Herbivores - higher degree > grind food

108
Q

where food is directed into the esophagus through the act of swallowing but prevented from entering trachea

A

Pharynx

109
Q

the part of the laryngeal cartilage that covers the glottis during the act of swallowing and prevents food from being aspirated into the trachea

A

Epiglottis

110
Q

the structure that helps equalize the atmospheric pressure with pressure in the middle ear

A

Eustachian Tube

111
Q

lymphoid tissue in the pharynx that protects the animal against some diseases

A

Tonsils

112
Q

a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

113
Q

a thickening at the gastric end of the esophagus that prevents the highly acidic contents of the stomach from refluxing into the esophagus and damaging its mucosa

A

Cardiac Sphincter

114
Q

What types of salivary secretions are produced by each subdivision of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Parasympathetic nervous system > produces serous saliva
  2. Sympathetic nervous system > produces mucoid saliva
115
Q

formed from a mix of macerated food and saliva

A

Bolus

116
Q

the process by which food from the oral cavity is transported to the stomach (in monogastric animals) or reticulorumen (in ruminants)

A

Deglutition (Swallowing)

117
Q

What are the 3 phases of deglutition?

A
  1. Voluntary Stage
  2. Pharyngeal Stage
  3. Esophageal Stage
118
Q

the stage of deglutition in which the tongue pushes the bolus toward the pharynx and the animal must be conscious for

A

Voluntary Stage

119
Q

the stage of deglutition in which the food bolus stimulates pressure receptors in the pharyngeal wall, the epiglottis temporarily covers the glottis, and a wave of muscle contraction moves across the pharynx to push the bolus into the esophagus

A

Pharyngeal Stage

120
Q

the stage of deglutition in which the presence of food in the esophagus stimulates the swallowing center in the brainstem to initiate peristalsis in the esophagus

A

Esophageal Stage

121
Q

the pattern of muscle contraction that propels food through the gastrointestinal tract

A

Peristalsis

122
Q

the membrane that covers the surfaces of organs in the abdominal cavity

A

Visceral Peritoneum

123
Q

the membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity

A

Parietal Peritoneum

124
Q

folds that connect the organs to the parietal peritoneum

A

Connecting Peritoneum

125
Q

What are the 3 types of connecting peritoneum in the abdominal cavity?

A
  1. Mesentery
  2. Omentum
  3. Ligaments
126
Q

a double-layered connecting peritoneum that attaches the intestines to the abdominal wall

A

Mesentery

127
Q

a double-layered connecting peritoneum that attaches the stomach to the abdominal wall or other organs and functions to store fat and assist in insulating the abdomen

A

Omentum

128
Q

the mesentery that suspends the duodenum

A

Mesoduodenum

129
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the omentum?

A
  1. Lesser Omentum
  2. Greater Omentum
130
Q

the connecting peritoneum that connects the smaller inner curve of the stomach to the first part of the duodenum and the liver

A

Lesser Omentum

131
Q

the smaller inner curve of the stomach

A

Lesser Curvature

132
Q

the connecting peritoneum that connects the larger outer curve of the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall

A

Greater Omentum

133
Q

the larger outer curve of the stomach

A

Greater Curvature

134
Q

the pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food

A

Chyme

135
Q

a C-shaped, single chambered organ located just behind the diaphragm in the left cranial abdomen

A

Monogastric Stomach

136
Q

the first branch of the abdominal aorta and is the stomach’s main blood supply vessel

A

Celiac Artery

137
Q

transient folds of gastric mucosa which allow the stomach to expand when it is filled with food and increase the surface area for absorption

A

Rugae

138
Q

lesions that develop in the stomach if the surface mucous cells do not produce adequate mucus

A

Gastric Ulcers

139
Q

monogastric stomach with wall that contains both glandular and nonglandular tissue

A

Composite Stomach

140
Q

the clear line of demarcation dividing the upper nonglandular half and lower glandular portion of the horse’s stomach

A

Margo plicatus

141
Q

List the 4 divisions of the glandular region of the stomach

A
  1. Cardia
  2. Fundus
  3. Corpus
  4. Pylorus
142
Q

the part of the stomach where the esophagus enters and contains mucus gland that secrete a thick layer of alkaline mucus to protect the mucosa against damage from gastric acids

A

Cardia

143
Q

the expanded, dome-shaped, blind-ended sac of the stomach where the rugae are prominent

A

Fundus

144
Q

the largest section of the stomach

A

Corpus

145
Q

the distal part of the stomach

A

Pylorus

146
Q

the circular muscle that helps determine the rate of gastric emptying

A

Pyloric Sphincter

147
Q

the rate at which the stomach empties chyme into the duodenum

A

Rate of Gastric Emptying

148
Q

shallow depressions that dot the mucosal surface of the stomach and are the opening of ducts lined by glandular cells

A

Gastric Pits

149
Q

What are the 4 types of glandular cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Mucous Neck Cells
  2. Parietal Cells
  3. Chief Cells
  4. G Cells
150
Q

progenitor cells of gastric glands that are close to the opening of the duct and secrete a thinner, less viscous mucus

A

Mucous Neck Cells

151
Q

cells capable of dividing and creating new cells

A

Progenitor Cells

152
Q

cells of gastric glands that secrete hydrogen and chloride in order to form hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the lumen of the stomach and secrete intrinsic factor

A

Parietal Cells

153
Q

a substance secreted by parietal cells in the stomach that is necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

A

Intrinsic Factor

154
Q

cells of gastric glands that secrete pepsinogen and are located in the fundus

A

Chief Cells

155
Q

an inactive precursor form of the enzyme pepsin and is converted into pepsin by the acidic environment of the stomach created by HCl

A

Pepsinogen

156
Q

a proteolytic enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of proteins

A

Pepsin

157
Q

endocrine cells found in the pyloric region of the stomach that secrete the hormone gastrin into the bloodstream

A

G Cells

158
Q

What 3 substances stimulate secretions by glandular cells in the stomach?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Gastrin
  3. Histamine
159
Q

the substance released by cholinergic neurons that stimulate secretions by chief cells and parietal cells in the stomach

A

Acetylcholine

160
Q

the substance released by G cells that stimulate secretions by stomach parietal cells

A

Gastrin

161
Q

the substance released by enterochromaffin-like cells that stimulate secretions by parietal cells in the stomach

A

Histamine

162
Q

What are the 2 phases of secretion?

A
  1. Cephalic Phase
  2. Gastric Phase
163
Q

the phase of digestive secretion that begins when an animal anticipates or is preparing to eat a meal

A

Cephalic Phase

164
Q

the phase of digestive secretion that begins when food enters the stomach

A

Gastric Phase

165
Q

the process that forces larger food particles back into the corpus so they can be remixed and grinded into small enough particles that will allow them to pass through the pyloric sphincter

A

Retropulsion

166
Q

controlled by neurotransmitters and hormones

A

Neurohumeral Control

167
Q

What controls gastric motility?

A

Neurohumeral Control

168
Q

Give the 2 phases of chemical digestion

A
  1. Luminal Chemical Digestion
  2. Membranous Chemical Digestion
169
Q

the phase of chemical digestion in which large macromolecules are broken down into short chain polymers via hydrolysis and occurs in the stomach and small intestine

A

Luminal Chemical Digestion

170
Q

the phase of chemical digestion in which short chain polymers are broken down into their basic component parts via hydrolysis and occurs only in the small intestine

A

Membranous Chemical Digestion

anatomy & physiology 2 (12 decks)

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