Immunity and Defense Flashcards
organisms capable of causing diseases
Pathogens
List the 5 structures in the anatomic organization of the immune system
- Skin
- Mucous Membranes
- Organs + Tissues
- Lymphatic System
- Red Bone Marrow
Protects the open pathways into the body from pathogens
Mucous Membranes
The part of the spleen with immunologic functions
White Pulp
The part of the spleen that removes dead or dying cells
Red Pulp
How can the lymphatic system aid in determining the location of an inflammatory response, infection or tumor?
Lymph from specific areas of the body always passes through the same lymph node(s)
clusters of lymphoid tissue that identify antigens, mount immune responses against them, and are located near mucosal surfaces
Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)
List the 3 subcategories of MALT
- Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
- Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT)
- Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
clusters of lymphoid tissue that ensure any pathogens that survive the acidic environment of the stomach cannot infect the animal via the GI tract
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
What 4 locations are the tonsils located?
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Urinary Tract
- Reproductive Tract
aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and dogs
Peyer’s Patches
Where are the majority of Peyer’s Patches located? Where are the smaller % of Peyer’s Patches located?
Most - ileum
Smaller % - Jejunum
aggregation of lymphoid tissue where T lymphocytes mature in young animals
Thymus
Where is the thymus located?
Mediastinum
a macrophage in the liver
Kupffer Cell
a macrophage in the central nervous system
Microglial Cell
a macrophage in bone and bone marrow
Osteoclast
a macrophage in the epidermis and lymph nodes
Dendritic Cell
List the 2 types of immune systems
- Innate Immune System
- Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system that uses physical, chemical, and cellular components
Innate Immune System
The immune system that is not able to target specific organisms
Innate Immune System
The immune system that is rapid
Innate Immune System
The immune system that is rapid
Innate Immune System
common structures on the membrane surface of invading pathogens that are shared by large groups of pathogens and easily recognized by PRRs of macrophages and dendritic cells
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
macrophage and dendritic cell receptors that match PAMPs on pathogen cell membranes and triggers the innate immune system once attached
Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
What are the 2 types of immunity in the innate immune system?
- External Innate Immunity
- Internal Innate Immunity
What are the 5 anatomic barriers of the external innate immune system?
- Skin
- Mucous membranes
- Tears
- Saliva
- Nasal Discharge
What are the 1st and 2nd lines of defense in the external innate immune system?
1st - External Innate Immunity
2nd - Internal Innate Immunity
The internal innate immune system involves what 4 things?
- Inflammation
- Phagocytosis
- Cytokines
- Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
At what temperature is a fever considered dangerous?
104 degrees
List the 4 cells that carry out phagocytosis in the internal innate immune system
- Neutrophils
- Macrophages
- Monocytes
- Dendritic Cells
What are the first 2 cell types at the site of an injury?
1st - Neutrophils
2nd - Macrophages
List the 2 types of membrane receptors that distinguish invader cells from self cells
- PAMP receptors
- Complement receptors
Give the 5 steps of pathogen phagocytosis
- Activation and Chemotaxis
- Attachment
- Endocytosis
- Destruction
- Exocytosis
projections from the plasma membrane of phagocytes
Pseudopods
a vesicle formed from the pseudopods of phagocytes that engulf microorganisms
Phagosome
a group of 30+ plasma proteins produced in the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive form and become active in the presence of an antigen or antibody attached to an antigen
Complement System
What are the 2 functions of the complement system?
- Trigger inflammation
- Alter microbial cell membranes
In what 2 ways does the complement system alter microbial membranes?
- Causing cell lysis
- Opsonization
the process in which antigens are coated with complement proteins to make them more visible for the direct destruction by phagocytes
Opsonization
a series of reactions in which each complement protein is activated by the previous complement protein in the series and ends with a complement fixation
Complement Cascade
the phase of the complement cascade in which the molecules formed from the reactions are gathered in clusters on the antigen’s surface and result in antigen cell lysis or apoptosis
Complement Fixation
signaling proteins that can be autocrine, paracrine or endocrine and mediate the immune or inflammatory response to the site of infection, inflammation, or trauma and also play a role in hematopoiesis
Cytokines
List the 3 types of cytokine effects
- Autocrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine
acting on the cell that secreted them originally
Autocrine
acting on cells near the original cell that secreted them
Paracrine
traveling to other parts of the body and act on cells in that location
Endocrine
Give 3 of the 50 types of cytokines
- Interleukins
- Chemokines
- Interferons
a type of cytokine that controls leukocyte (especially T and B cell) growth, differentiation, and and activation during an immune response
Interleukins
a type of cytokine that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood into tissue and toward an injury/inflammatory site where they are concentrated in order to increase the rate of pathogen clearance
Chemokines
a type of cytokine produced in response to the presence of viruses, bacteria, cancer and other foreign invaders
Interferons (IFNs)
a molecule found on the cell membranes of professional antigen presenting cells
MHC-II
cells whose role is to phagocytize antigens, process and destroy them, and present fragments of antigen protein attached to an MHC-II on the phagocytic cell membrane
Antigen Presenting Cells
How can IFNs be used in vet med?
Bioengineered IFNs can be used as supportive treatment for feline leukemia (FeLV) and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
granular lymphocytes that are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
What are the 2 types of NK cell membrane receptors?
- Killer Inhibitory Receptor (KIR)
- Killer-Activating Receptor (KAR)
the binding of this receptor to the MHC-I molecules on the surface of a cell indicates that cell is healthy
Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIR)
the binding of this receptor occurs when a cell has altered or missing MCH-I molecules on its surface
Killer-Activating Receptors (KAR)
proteins that form pores in cell membranes so NKs can release granzymes into the target cell and cause apoptosis
Perforins
The immune system that is slow to respond
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system that targets specific organisms
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system that has a systemic impact
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system that has memory
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system not present at birth
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
The immune system that uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, and B cells and T cells
Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
B lymphocytes differentiate into what 2 types cells?
- Plasma cells
- Memory B cells
What 2 things stimulate B cells?
- Presence of a specific antigen
- Signal from a helper T cell
the precursor cells of T lymphocytes that originate in the red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they mature, multiply and enter the blood stream as T cells in order to coordinate cell-mediated immunity and activate B cells
Thymocytes
What are the 3 stages of B cells and T cells in adult animals?
- Naive Cells
- Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells
- Memory Cells
B cells and T cells of adult animals that have entered the lymphatic system, but have not encountered an antigen
Naive Cells
B cells and T cells that have been activated and are involved in eliminating a pathogenic antigen
Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells
B cells and T cells that are the survivors of past infections and are capable of providing long-term immunity
Memory Cells
What are the 2 types of immunity within the adaptive immune system?
- Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
- Cell-Mediated Immunity
the type of immunity that is triggered by extracellular pathogens and results in the production of antibodies that target specific antigens for destruction
Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
the unique shape formed from the unique series of amino acid antigen markers on the surfaces of each pathogen
Epitope
List the 5 immunoglobulins
- IgM
- IgG
- IgA
- IgE
- IgD
the 1st immunoglobulin made by newborn animals and is temporary
IgM
The most common immunoglobulin
IgG
Another name for antibodies
immunoglobulins
The immunoglobulin whose elevated levels in the blood indicate a chronic infection
IgG
The only immunoglobulin capable of crossing the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus
IgG
The immunoglobulin that prevents diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces
IgA
The immunoglobulin that binds to allergens and triggers histamine released from mast cells and basophils
IgE
The immunoglobulin that protects against some parasitic worm infections
IgE
The immunoglobulins that activate basophils and mast cells, but the exact mechanisms are unknown
IgD
the immunity that results from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of antigen so the immune system can respond more quickly if exposed again
Active Immunity
List the 2 primary types of vaccines in vet med
- Modified live vaccine
- Killed virus vaccine
a vaccine containing like-virus particles that have been attenuated so they are nonpathogenic but still recognized by the animal as antigenic
Modified Live Vaccine
The type of vaccine that produces a strong immune response since it mimics a natural infection
Modified Live Vaccine
a vaccine containing virus particles that have been treated with chemicals, heat or radiation to render them inactive so they are unable to revert to their disease-causing state but still recognized by the immune system
Killed Virus Vaccine
The type of vaccine that requires multiple doses before immunity is achieved
Killed Virus Vaccine
the immunity that results from receiving antibodies from an external source but the immune system is not involved
Passive Immunity
The type of immunity in which no memory cells are produced
Passive Immunity
List the 5 factors determining the likelihood of a pathogen causing disease in an animal
- Exposure
- Mode of infection or transmission
- Virulence
- Immune system strength
- Resistance
the relative strength of a pathogen
Virulence
What are the 2 types of pathogen resistance?
- Acquired Resistance
- Species Resistance
the type of resistance that is developed over an animal’s lifetime either through natural exposure to the pathogen or via vaccination against the pathogen
Acquired Resistance
the type of resistance the protects all the members of the same species from some diseases
Species Resistance
overreaction of the immune system
Allergic reactions
What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?
- Type I (allergy)
- Type II (antibodies)
- Type III (immune complex)
- Type IV (T cells)
a form of shock characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response, usually due to a severe infection or extensive tissue damage
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)
a condition characterized by increased intravascular coagulation, is worsened by subsequent microthromboses, and has an end result of multiorgan failure due to either excessive bleeding or clotting
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
another term for clots
Microthromboses
“Death Is Coming”
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
List 4 common signs of internal bleeding
- Petechiae
- Ecchymoses
- Melena
- Hematuria
What is the treatment for DIC?
- Administer heparin > treating the initial cause of DIC
- Blood transfusion
- Prevent DIC at all costs
an accumulation of pus in a confined space
Abscess
What is important to remember with cat bites?
- Infection almost guaranteed
- Look for 4 puncture sites
What can you measure to help distinguish between acute vs chronic infections?
Measurement of IgG and IgM levels in serum samples
High serum levels of this antibody can indicate acute disease
IgM
High serum levels of this antibody can indicate chronic disease
IgG
an immune disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells either by creating antibodies directed at its own red blood cells or by IgG and complement binding to the red blood cells marking them for destruction
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)
What are the 2 types of IMHA?
- Primary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
- Secondary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when the body creates antibodies directed at its own RBCs
Primary IMHA
the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when foreign proteins bind to RBC membranes
Secondary IMHA
a condition characterized by a decreased platelet count without an identifiable cause
Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
