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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Immunity and Defense > Flashcards

Immunity and Defense Flashcards

1
Q

organisms capable of causing diseases

A

Pathogens

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2
Q

List the 5 structures in the anatomic organization of the immune system

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous Membranes
  3. Organs + Tissues
  4. Lymphatic System
  5. Red Bone Marrow
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3
Q

Protects the open pathways into the body from pathogens

A

Mucous Membranes

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4
Q

The part of the spleen with immunologic functions

A

White Pulp

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5
Q

The part of the spleen that removes dead or dying cells

A

Red Pulp

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6
Q

How can the lymphatic system aid in determining the location of an inflammatory response, infection or tumor?

A

Lymph from specific areas of the body always passes through the same lymph node(s)

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7
Q

clusters of lymphoid tissue that identify antigens, mount immune responses against them, and are located near mucosal surfaces

A

Mucosa-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT)

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8
Q

List the 3 subcategories of MALT

A
  1. Conjunctiva-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (CALT)
  2. Nasopharynx-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (NALT)
  3. Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
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9
Q

clusters of lymphoid tissue that ensure any pathogens that survive the acidic environment of the stomach cannot infect the animal via the GI tract

A

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

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10
Q

What 4 locations are the tonsils located?

A
  1. Pharynx
  2. Larynx
  3. Urinary Tract
  4. Reproductive Tract
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11
Q

aggregations of lymphoid tissue in the small intestine of cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, and dogs

A

Peyer’s Patches

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12
Q

Where are the majority of Peyer’s Patches located? Where are the smaller % of Peyer’s Patches located?

A

Most - ileum
Smaller % - Jejunum

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13
Q

aggregation of lymphoid tissue where T lymphocytes mature in young animals

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

Mediastinum

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15
Q

a macrophage in the liver

A

Kupffer Cell

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16
Q

a macrophage in the central nervous system

A

Microglial Cell

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17
Q

a macrophage in bone and bone marrow

A

Osteoclast

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18
Q

a macrophage in the epidermis and lymph nodes

A

Dendritic Cell

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19
Q

List the 2 types of immune systems

A
  1. Innate Immune System
  2. Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System
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20
Q

The immune system that uses physical, chemical, and cellular components

A

Innate Immune System

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21
Q

The immune system that is not able to target specific organisms

A

Innate Immune System

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22
Q

The immune system that is rapid

A

Innate Immune System

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23
Q

The immune system that is rapid

A

Innate Immune System

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24
Q

common structures on the membrane surface of invading pathogens that are shared by large groups of pathogens and easily recognized by PRRs of macrophages and dendritic cells

A

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

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25
Q

macrophage and dendritic cell receptors that match PAMPs on pathogen cell membranes and triggers the innate immune system once attached

A

Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity in the innate immune system?

A
  1. External Innate Immunity
  2. Internal Innate Immunity
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27
Q

What are the 5 anatomic barriers of the external innate immune system?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Tears
  4. Saliva
  5. Nasal Discharge
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28
Q

What are the 1st and 2nd lines of defense in the external innate immune system?

A

1st - External Innate Immunity
2nd - Internal Innate Immunity

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29
Q

The internal innate immune system involves what 4 things?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Cytokines
  4. Natural Killer (NK) Cells
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30
Q

What are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Redness
  2. Swelling
  3. Heat
  4. Pain
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31
Q

At what temperature is a fever considered dangerous?

A

104 degrees

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32
Q

List the 4 cells that carry out phagocytosis in the internal innate immune system

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. Monocytes
  4. Dendritic Cells
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33
Q

What are the first 2 cell types at the site of an injury?

A

1st - Neutrophils
2nd - Macrophages

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34
Q

List the 2 types of membrane receptors that distinguish invader cells from self cells

A
  1. PAMP receptors
  2. Complement receptors
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35
Q

Give the 5 steps of pathogen phagocytosis

A
  1. Activation and Chemotaxis
  2. Attachment
  3. Endocytosis
  4. Destruction
  5. Exocytosis
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36
Q

projections from the plasma membrane of phagocytes

A

Pseudopods

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37
Q

a vesicle formed from the pseudopods of phagocytes that engulf microorganisms

A

Phagosome

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38
Q

a group of 30+ plasma proteins produced in the liver that circulate in the blood in their inactive form and become active in the presence of an antigen or antibody attached to an antigen

A

Complement System

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39
Q

What are the 2 functions of the complement system?

A
  1. Trigger inflammation
  2. Alter microbial cell membranes
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40
Q

In what 2 ways does the complement system alter microbial membranes?

A
  1. Causing cell lysis
  2. Opsonization
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41
Q

the process in which antigens are coated with complement proteins to make them more visible for the direct destruction by phagocytes

A

Opsonization

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42
Q

a series of reactions in which each complement protein is activated by the previous complement protein in the series and ends with a complement fixation

A

Complement Cascade

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43
Q

the phase of the complement cascade in which the molecules formed from the reactions are gathered in clusters on the antigen’s surface and result in antigen cell lysis or apoptosis

A

Complement Fixation

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44
Q

signaling proteins that can be autocrine, paracrine or endocrine and mediate the immune or inflammatory response to the site of infection, inflammation, or trauma and also play a role in hematopoiesis

A

Cytokines

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45
Q

List the 3 types of cytokine effects

A
  1. Autocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Endocrine
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46
Q

acting on the cell that secreted them originally

A

Autocrine

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47
Q

acting on cells near the original cell that secreted them

A

Paracrine

48
Q

traveling to other parts of the body and act on cells in that location

A

Endocrine

49
Q

Give 3 of the 50 types of cytokines

A
  1. Interleukins
  2. Chemokines
  3. Interferons
50
Q

a type of cytokine that controls leukocyte (especially T and B cell) growth, differentiation, and and activation during an immune response

A

Interleukins

51
Q

a type of cytokine that stimulate the movement of leukocytes from blood into tissue and toward an injury/inflammatory site where they are concentrated in order to increase the rate of pathogen clearance

A

Chemokines

52
Q

a type of cytokine produced in response to the presence of viruses, bacteria, cancer and other foreign invaders

A

Interferons (IFNs)

53
Q

a molecule found on the cell membranes of professional antigen presenting cells

A

MHC-II

54
Q

cells whose role is to phagocytize antigens, process and destroy them, and present fragments of antigen protein attached to an MHC-II on the phagocytic cell membrane

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

55
Q

How can IFNs be used in vet med?

A

Bioengineered IFNs can be used as supportive treatment for feline leukemia (FeLV) and Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

56
Q

granular lymphocytes that are able to identify and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells, and tumor cells by inducing apoptosis

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

57
Q

What are the 2 types of NK cell membrane receptors?

A
  1. Killer Inhibitory Receptor (KIR)
  2. Killer-Activating Receptor (KAR)
58
Q

the binding of this receptor to the MHC-I molecules on the surface of a cell indicates that cell is healthy

A

Killer Inhibitory Receptors (KIR)

59
Q

the binding of this receptor occurs when a cell has altered or missing MCH-I molecules on its surface

A

Killer-Activating Receptors (KAR)

60
Q

proteins that form pores in cell membranes so NKs can release granzymes into the target cell and cause apoptosis

A

Perforins

61
Q

The immune system that is slow to respond

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

62
Q

The immune system that targets specific organisms

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

63
Q

The immune system that has a systemic impact

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

64
Q

The immune system that has memory

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

65
Q

The immune system not present at birth

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

66
Q

The immune system that uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, and B cells and T cells

A

Adaptive (Acquired) Immune System

67
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into what 2 types cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells
  2. Memory B cells
68
Q

What 2 things stimulate B cells?

A
  1. Presence of a specific antigen
  2. Signal from a helper T cell
69
Q

the precursor cells of T lymphocytes that originate in the red bone marrow and migrate to the thymus where they mature, multiply and enter the blood stream as T cells in order to coordinate cell-mediated immunity and activate B cells

A

Thymocytes

70
Q

What are the 3 stages of B cells and T cells in adult animals?

A
  1. Naive Cells
  2. Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells
  3. Memory Cells
71
Q

B cells and T cells of adult animals that have entered the lymphatic system, but have not encountered an antigen

A

Naive Cells

72
Q

B cells and T cells that have been activated and are involved in eliminating a pathogenic antigen

A

Cytotoxic (Effector) Cells

73
Q

B cells and T cells that are the survivors of past infections and are capable of providing long-term immunity

A

Memory Cells

74
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity within the adaptive immune system?

A
  1. Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity
  2. Cell-Mediated Immunity
75
Q

the type of immunity that is triggered by extracellular pathogens and results in the production of antibodies that target specific antigens for destruction

A

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) Immunity

76
Q

the unique shape formed from the unique series of amino acid antigen markers on the surfaces of each pathogen

A

Epitope

77
Q

List the 5 immunoglobulins

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
78
Q

the 1st immunoglobulin made by newborn animals and is temporary

A

IgM

79
Q

The most common immunoglobulin

A

IgG

80
Q

Another name for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

81
Q

The immunoglobulin whose elevated levels in the blood indicate a chronic infection

A

IgG

82
Q

The only immunoglobulin capable of crossing the placenta to provide passive immunity to the fetus

A

IgG

83
Q

The immunoglobulin that prevents diseases caused by antigens that may enter the body through mucosal surfaces

A

IgA

84
Q

The immunoglobulin that binds to allergens and triggers histamine released from mast cells and basophils

A

IgE

85
Q

The immunoglobulin that protects against some parasitic worm infections

A

IgE

86
Q

The immunoglobulins that activate basophils and mast cells, but the exact mechanisms are unknown

A

IgD

87
Q

the immunity that results from the production of antibodies in response to the presence of antigen so the immune system can respond more quickly if exposed again

A

Active Immunity

88
Q

List the 2 primary types of vaccines in vet med

A
  1. Modified live vaccine
  2. Killed virus vaccine
89
Q

a vaccine containing like-virus particles that have been attenuated so they are nonpathogenic but still recognized by the animal as antigenic

A

Modified Live Vaccine

90
Q

The type of vaccine that produces a strong immune response since it mimics a natural infection

A

Modified Live Vaccine

91
Q

a vaccine containing virus particles that have been treated with chemicals, heat or radiation to render them inactive so they are unable to revert to their disease-causing state but still recognized by the immune system

A

Killed Virus Vaccine

92
Q

The type of vaccine that requires multiple doses before immunity is achieved

A

Killed Virus Vaccine

93
Q

the immunity that results from receiving antibodies from an external source but the immune system is not involved

A

Passive Immunity

94
Q

The type of immunity in which no memory cells are produced

A

Passive Immunity

95
Q

List the 5 factors determining the likelihood of a pathogen causing disease in an animal

A
  1. Exposure
  2. Mode of infection or transmission
  3. Virulence
  4. Immune system strength
  5. Resistance
96
Q

the relative strength of a pathogen

A

Virulence

97
Q

What are the 2 types of pathogen resistance?

A
  1. Acquired Resistance
  2. Species Resistance
98
Q

the type of resistance that is developed over an animal’s lifetime either through natural exposure to the pathogen or via vaccination against the pathogen

A

Acquired Resistance

99
Q

the type of resistance the protects all the members of the same species from some diseases

A

Species Resistance

100
Q

overreaction of the immune system

A

Allergic reactions

101
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  1. Type I (allergy)
  2. Type II (antibodies)
  3. Type III (immune complex)
  4. Type IV (T cells)
102
Q

a form of shock characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response, usually due to a severe infection or extensive tissue damage

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)

103
Q

a condition characterized by increased intravascular coagulation, is worsened by subsequent microthromboses, and has an end result of multiorgan failure due to either excessive bleeding or clotting

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

104
Q

another term for clots

A

Microthromboses

105
Q

“Death Is Coming”

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

106
Q

List 4 common signs of internal bleeding

A
  1. Petechiae
  2. Ecchymoses
  3. Melena
  4. Hematuria
107
Q

What is the treatment for DIC?

A
  1. Administer heparin > treating the initial cause of DIC
  2. Blood transfusion
  3. Prevent DIC at all costs
108
Q

an accumulation of pus in a confined space

A

Abscess

109
Q

What is important to remember with cat bites?

A
  1. Infection almost guaranteed
  2. Look for 4 puncture sites
110
Q

What can you measure to help distinguish between acute vs chronic infections?

A

Measurement of IgG and IgM levels in serum samples

111
Q

High serum levels of this antibody can indicate acute disease

A

IgM

112
Q

High serum levels of this antibody can indicate chronic disease

A

IgG

113
Q

an immune disease where the body destroys its own red blood cells either by creating antibodies directed at its own red blood cells or by IgG and complement binding to the red blood cells marking them for destruction

A

Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia (IMHA)

114
Q

What are the 2 types of IMHA?

A
  1. Primary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
  2. Secondary Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia
115
Q

the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when the body creates antibodies directed at its own RBCs

A

Primary IMHA

116
Q

the type of immune mediated hemolytic anemia that occurs when foreign proteins bind to RBC membranes

A

Secondary IMHA

117
Q

a condition characterized by a decreased platelet count without an identifiable cause

A

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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