The Reproductive System Flashcards
reproductive cells produced by meiosis
Gametes
Give the 2 types of gametes
- Ova
- Spermatozoa
coiled masses of DNA that contain a blueprint for all structures and functions in the animal’s body
Chromosomes
the total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell and is always an even number
Diploid Chromosomes
What is the abbreviation for the diploid chromosome number?
2n
one of the pairs of diploid chromosomes that determine genetic gender of the animal
Sex Chromosomes
Gender Terms: Donkey
Jenny/Jack
Gender Terms: Cat
Queen/Tom
Gender Terms: Cattle
Cow/Bull
Gender Terms: Chicken
Hen/Rooster
Gender Terms: Dog
Bitch/Dog
Gender Terms: Ferret
Jill/Hob
Gender Terms: Gerbil
Doe/Buck
Gender Terms: Guinea Pig
Sow/Boar
Gender Terms: Goat
Doe/Buck
Gender Terms: Horse
Mare/Stallion
Gender Terms: Mouse
Doe/Buck
Gender Terms: Mule
Molly/John
Gender Terms: Pig
Sow/Boar
Gender Terms: Rabbit
Doe/Buck
Gender Terms: Rat
Doe/Buck
Gender Terms: Sheep
Ewe/Ram
the reduced number of chromosomes in the gametes that results from meiosis
Haploid Chromosome Number
What is the haploid chromosome number abbreviation for male vs females?
Female = n,X
Male = n,Y
the process of cell division in most of the body’s cells that results in 2 daughter cells with an identical and full set of diploid chromosomes
Mitosis
the process of cell division that produces gametes that results in 4 genetically unique reproductive cells
Meiosis
male gametes produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Spermatozoa
the continuous production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
Spermatogenesis
the precursor cells to ova that remain in an immature state until recruited during an ovarian cycle
Oocyte
female gametes produced in follicles in the ovaries through oogenesis
Ova
the non-continuous production of ova in the follicles of the ovaries
Oogenesis
cells that hold onto excess chromosomes but do not develop into ova
Polar Body
where male reproductive cells are formed
Testes
List the 2 functions of the testes
- Spermatogenesis
- Hormone Production
cells located between the seminiferous tubules that produce androgens under the influence of LH or ICSH
Interstitial Cells
male sex hormones
Androgens
the hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and the male libido, as well as has a general anabolic effect on the body
Testosterone
List the 3 main parts of a spermatozoa
- Head
- Midpiece
- Tail
the part of the spermatozoa that contains the nucleus and is covered by acrosome
Head
a cap-like structure that contains digestive enzymes which are released once the spermatozoon is inside the female reproductive tract in order to help the spermatozoon penetrate through the layers of the ovum
Acrosome
the part of the spermatozoa that contains a large concentration of energy-producing mitochondria arranged in a spiral pattern
Midpiece
the part of the spermatozoa containing muscle-like contractile fibrils that produce a whip-like movement to propel the cell forward
Tail
the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum
Gubernaculum
two slit-like opening in the abdominal muscles through which the testes are pulled down into scrotum after birth
Inguinal Rings
the sac of skin that house the testes and helps regulate testes temperature
Scrotum
a bandlike muscle that passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum to adjust the position of the testes relative to the body
Cremaster Muscle
In what conditions is the cremaster muscle relaxed vs contracted in? Why?
- Warm conditions > relaxed > testes hang away from the body
- Cold conditions > contracts > pulls testes tight against body wall
tube-like, connective tissue structures that link the testes with the rest of the body and contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens
Spermatic Cords
an intricate meshwork of tiny veins derived from testicular veins that surrounds the testicular artery
Pampiniform Plexus
two layers of connective tissue that surround the testes in the scrotum and the spermatic cord
Tunics (Vaginal Tunics)
List the 2 types of tunics
- Visceral (Proper) Vaginal Tunic
- Parietal (Common) Vaginal Tunic
the tunic layer tightly adhered to the surface of the testes and structures of the spermatic cords that is incredibly thin
Proper Vaginal Tunic
the tunic layer that forms a visible fibrous sac around each testis and spermatic cord
Common Vaginal Tunic
castration procedure
Orchiectomy
to temporarily clamp or tie off
Ligate
List the 4 steps involved in an orchiectomy
- Incision made in parietal vaginal tunic
- Testis is everted through incision > exposes blood vessels in spermatic cord
- Blood vessels are ligated
- Testis removed
a heavy, fibrous connective tissue capsule beneath the tunics that encloses each testis and functions to protect and support
Tunica Albuginea
Where does spermatogenesis take place?
Seminiferous Tubules
a complex system of ducts that connect to the seminiferous tubules
Rete testis
large “nurse” cells that attach to spermatids while they’re undergoing physical transformations to provide mechanical support, structural support, and shield the developing spermatozoa from the immune system
Sertoli Cells
a flat, ribbonlike structure that lies along the surface of the testis that acts as the storage site of spermatozoa
Epididymis
the region of the epididymis where the spermatozoa enter from the efferent ducts
Head
the region of the epididymis that lies along the surface of the testis
Body
the region of the epididymis that continues on as the vas deferens
Tail
the tubules that transport spermatozoa from the rete testis to the epididymis
Efferent Ducts of the Testes
the muscular tube that moves the spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis up to the pelvic portion of the urethra when ejaculation occurs
Vas Deferens
the enlargement of the vas deferens in some species just before it joins with the urethra and may contain glands that contribute material to semen
Ampulla
What do the male accessory reproductive glands produce?
Seminal fluid
What are the 3 male accessory reproductive glands?
- Seminiferous Tubules
- Prostate Gland
- Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)
List the 4 parts of the penis
- Roots
- Body
- Glans
- Prepuce
the part of the penis that attaches it to the brim of the pelvis, consist of two crura bands, and are covered by ischiocavernosus muscles
Roots
bands of connective tissue that make up the roots of the penis
Crura
the muscles that cover the root of the penis
Ischiocavernosus Muscles
the part of the penis made up of two bundles of erectile tissue
Body
a spongy network of fibrous connective tissue and sinuses in the penis body
Erectile Tissue
List the 2 erectile tissue structures of the penis body
- Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae
- Corpus Cavernosum Penis
the distal end of the penis that varies considerably in structure and appearance among species and has many nerve endings
Glans
the sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect
Prepuce
the bone in the penis of dogs
Os penis
a structure toward the rear of the glans that becomes full size after ejaculation, is tightly clamped in place by the vaginal muscles, and makes it impossible for the male to withdraw the penis until the tie is over
Bulb of the Glans
the stage of canine conception in which the male dismounts from the female, turns so he faces the opposite direction from her, and typically lasts 15-20 minutes
Tie
he widest part of the horse penis that flairs into a distinctive mushroom shape
Corona Glandis
the part of the horse penis that extends from the fossa glandis at the tip of the penis
Urethral Process
a central depression at the tip of the horse penis from which the urethral process extends
Fossa Glandis
the bent “S” shape of nonerect penises in some species
Sigmoid Flexure
a long, thin, cordlike muscle that originates near the base of the tail and attaches to the bend of the sigmoid flexure
Retractor Penis Muscle
List the 3 ligaments in the female reproductive system
- Left and Right Broad Ligaments
- Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary
- Round Ligament of the Uterus
sheets of peritoneum that suspend the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and contain blood vessels, nerve fibers, and fat
Left and Right Broad Ligaments
the combining word referring to a sheet of tissue that attaches an organ to the body wall
Meso-
the segment of the broad ligaments that supports the ovary
Mesovarium
the segment of the broad ligament that supports the oviduct
Mesoalpinx
the segment of the broad ligament that supports the uterus
Mesometrium
the cranial extension of the mesovarium that attaches to the body wall in the area of the last rib
Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary
a cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle that extends from the tip of the uterine horn caudally and to the inguinal ring area ventrally
Round Ligament of the Uterus
term meaning to cut
Transect
Where are the ova produced?
Follicles of the ovaries
the process by which ova are produced in the follicles in the ovaries
Oogenesis
female gametes that are not constantly produced
Ova
What 2 types of hormones are produced in the ovaries?
- Estrogens
- Progestins
hormones produced by the cells of developing ovarian follicles and are responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy
Estrogens
hormones produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries that develop from the empty follicle after ovulation, help prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum, and is necessary to maintain pregnancy once implantation occurs
Progestins
What hormones influence the ovarian cycle?
- FSH
- LH
rupture of mature follicle with release of the reproductive cell into the oviduct due to rising levels of LH
Ovulation
species whose ovaries produce one mature ovum per cycle and normally give birth to one offspring at a time
Uniparous
species whose ovaries product multiple ova per cycle and give birth to litters of young
Multiparous
the structure that consists of the immature gamete surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells
Primordial (Primary) Follicle
the process in which a few of the primordial follicles begin developing due to the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary
Follicular Recruitment (Follicular Activation)
term once a primordial follicle has become activated
Growing Follicle
term for follicular cells at the stage in which multiple layers of the cells form around zona pellucida and produce estrogens to prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy
Granulosa Cells
the large, fluid-filled space between the granulosa cells
Antrum
term for the follicle when it has reached its maximum size and houses the oocyte
Mature Follicle
a mound of granulosa cells inside the mature follicle on which the oocyte sits
Cumulus Oophorus
a thin layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the cumulus oophorus
Corona Radiata
species that require breeding to take place before ovulation can occur
Induced Ovulators
the term used once the mature gamete is released from the follicle
Ovum
the structure that forms from rapidly forming blood clots in the empty, post-ovulation follicle
Corpus Hemorrhagicum
the degeneration of follicles at any stage of their development and is a normal part of each ovarian cycle
Follicular Atresia
small, convoluted tubes extending from the tips of the uterine horns that function to guide ova from the ovary to the uterus and serve as the site of fertilization of ova by spermatozoa
Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)
the enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct that “catch” the ova
Infundibulum
muscular, fingerlike projections forming the margin of the infundibulum and function to “feel” along the surface of the ovary and position the infundibulum where the follicles are located to ensure they catch the ovum
Fimbriae
the hollow, muscular organ where the fertilized ovum implants and lives while it grows and develops into a new animal
Uterus
the life-support system that keeps the fetus alive while it develops during pregnancy and is partially formed by the uterus
Placenta
the portion of the uterus that extends in a caudal direction and eventually joins with the cervix
Uterine Body
the portion of the uterus that extends cranially and extends to become the oviducts
Uterine Horns
List the 3 layers of the uterus
- Endometrium
- Myometrium
- Perimetrium
the thickest layer of the uterus made of smooth muscle to allow it to push the fetus out during parturition
Myometrium
a powerful, smooth muscle sphincter located between the body of the uterus and the vagina that functions to control access to the lumen of the uterus from the vagina
Cervix
the muscular tube that extends caudally from the cervix and connects it with the vulva
Vagina
the only portion of the female reproductive system that is visible from the outside
Vulva
List the 3 main parts of the vulva
- Vestibule of the Vulva
- Clitoris
- Labia
the short space between the labia and the opening of the vagina
Vestibule of the Vulva
the part of the vulva that is attached by 2 roots and has a body composed of erectile tissue and a innervated glans
Clitoris
the external boundary of the vulva
Labia
a noun that is the name of the stage of the estrous cycle that is commonly referred to as the “heat period” when the female is sexually receptive to the male
Estrus
an adjective used with the noun “cycle” to refer to the entire reproductive cycle in females
Estrous
the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next and is controlled by FSH and LH
Estrous Cycle
species who cycle continuously throughout the year if they’re not pregnant
Polyestrous
species who cycle continuously at certain times of the year and not at all during others
Seasonally Polyestrous
species who have 2 estrous cycles per year which are typically in the spring and fall
Diestrous
species who have 1 estrous cycle per year
Monestrous
List the 5 stages of the estrous cycle
- Proestrus
- Estrus
- Metestrus
- Diestrus
- Anestrus
the formation of a tough keratin layer on the surface of the vagina to protect against the physical trauma of breeding
Cornification of the Vaginal Epithelium
the condition caused by an exaggerated diestrous period and is characterized by animals having symptoms of pregnancy without actually being pregnant
Pseudocyesis (pseudopregnancy)
Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
follicular development
Proestrus
Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
ovary releases ovum
most receptive to copulation
Estrus
Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
corpus luteum development
Metestrus
Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
corpus luteum reaches max size + exerts max effect
Diestrus
Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
temporary ovarian inactivity
Anestrus
the condition in which one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum
Cryptorchidism
the condition in which one testis has failed to descend into the scrotum
Unilateral Cryptorchidism
the condition in which both testes have failed to descend into the scrotum
Bilateral Cryptorchidism
a testis that has descended just outside the inguinal ring but not completely down to the scrotum
High Flanker
a tumor in the testis that causes feminization of the male dog
Sertoli Cell Tumor
enlargement of the mammary glands
Gynecomastia
a procedure in which a section of each vas deferens is surgically removed in order to make the animal sterile by preventing spermatozoa from reaching the urethra during ejaculation
Vasectomy
a surgical procedure in which the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are removed from an animal
Ovariohysterectomy
