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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

reproductive cells produced by meiosis

A

Gametes

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2
Q

Give the 2 types of gametes

A
  1. Ova
  2. Spermatozoa
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3
Q

coiled masses of DNA that contain a blueprint for all structures and functions in the animal’s body

A

Chromosomes

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4
Q

the total number of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell and is always an even number

A

Diploid Chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the abbreviation for the diploid chromosome number?

A

2n

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6
Q

one of the pairs of diploid chromosomes that determine genetic gender of the animal

A

Sex Chromosomes

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7
Q

Gender Terms: Donkey

A

Jenny/Jack

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8
Q

Gender Terms: Cat

A

Queen/Tom

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9
Q

Gender Terms: Cattle

A

Cow/Bull

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10
Q

Gender Terms: Chicken

A

Hen/Rooster

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11
Q

Gender Terms: Dog

A

Bitch/Dog

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12
Q

Gender Terms: Ferret

A

Jill/Hob

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13
Q

Gender Terms: Gerbil

A

Doe/Buck

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14
Q

Gender Terms: Guinea Pig

A

Sow/Boar

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15
Q

Gender Terms: Goat

A

Doe/Buck

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16
Q

Gender Terms: Horse

A

Mare/Stallion

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17
Q

Gender Terms: Mouse

A

Doe/Buck

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18
Q

Gender Terms: Mule

A

Molly/John

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19
Q

Gender Terms: Pig

A

Sow/Boar

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20
Q

Gender Terms: Rabbit

A

Doe/Buck

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21
Q

Gender Terms: Rat

A

Doe/Buck

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22
Q

Gender Terms: Sheep

A

Ewe/Ram

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23
Q

the reduced number of chromosomes in the gametes that results from meiosis

A

Haploid Chromosome Number

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24
Q

What is the haploid chromosome number abbreviation for male vs females?

A

Female = n,X
Male = n,Y

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25
Q

the process of cell division in most of the body’s cells that results in 2 daughter cells with an identical and full set of diploid chromosomes

A

Mitosis

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26
Q

the process of cell division that produces gametes that results in 4 genetically unique reproductive cells

A

Meiosis

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27
Q

male gametes produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

A

Spermatozoa

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28
Q

the continuous production of spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis

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29
Q

the precursor cells to ova that remain in an immature state until recruited during an ovarian cycle

A

Oocyte

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30
Q

female gametes produced in follicles in the ovaries through oogenesis

A

Ova

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31
Q

the non-continuous production of ova in the follicles of the ovaries

A

Oogenesis

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32
Q

cells that hold onto excess chromosomes but do not develop into ova

A

Polar Body

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33
Q

where male reproductive cells are formed

A

Testes

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34
Q

List the 2 functions of the testes

A
  1. Spermatogenesis
  2. Hormone Production
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35
Q

cells located between the seminiferous tubules that produce androgens under the influence of LH or ICSH

A

Interstitial Cells

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36
Q

male sex hormones

A

Androgens

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37
Q

the hormone responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics and the male libido, as well as has a general anabolic effect on the body

A

Testosterone

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38
Q

List the 3 main parts of a spermatozoa

A
  1. Head
  2. Midpiece
  3. Tail
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39
Q

the part of the spermatozoa that contains the nucleus and is covered by acrosome

A

Head

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40
Q

a cap-like structure that contains digestive enzymes which are released once the spermatozoon is inside the female reproductive tract in order to help the spermatozoon penetrate through the layers of the ovum

A

Acrosome

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41
Q

the part of the spermatozoa that contains a large concentration of energy-producing mitochondria arranged in a spiral pattern

A

Midpiece

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42
Q

the part of the spermatozoa containing muscle-like contractile fibrils that produce a whip-like movement to propel the cell forward

A

Tail

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43
Q

the band of connective tissue that attaches the testes to the scrotum

A

Gubernaculum

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44
Q

two slit-like opening in the abdominal muscles through which the testes are pulled down into scrotum after birth

A

Inguinal Rings

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45
Q

the sac of skin that house the testes and helps regulate testes temperature

A

Scrotum

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46
Q

a bandlike muscle that passes down through the inguinal ring and attaches to the scrotum to adjust the position of the testes relative to the body

A

Cremaster Muscle

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47
Q

In what conditions is the cremaster muscle relaxed vs contracted in? Why?

A
  1. Warm conditions > relaxed > testes hang away from the body
  2. Cold conditions > contracts > pulls testes tight against body wall
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48
Q

tube-like, connective tissue structures that link the testes with the rest of the body and contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and the vas deferens

A

Spermatic Cords

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49
Q

an intricate meshwork of tiny veins derived from testicular veins that surrounds the testicular artery

A

Pampiniform Plexus

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50
Q

two layers of connective tissue that surround the testes in the scrotum and the spermatic cord

A

Tunics (Vaginal Tunics)

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51
Q

List the 2 types of tunics

A
  1. Visceral (Proper) Vaginal Tunic
  2. Parietal (Common) Vaginal Tunic
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52
Q

the tunic layer tightly adhered to the surface of the testes and structures of the spermatic cords that is incredibly thin

A

Proper Vaginal Tunic

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53
Q

the tunic layer that forms a visible fibrous sac around each testis and spermatic cord

A

Common Vaginal Tunic

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54
Q

castration procedure

A

Orchiectomy

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55
Q

to temporarily clamp or tie off

A

Ligate

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56
Q

List the 4 steps involved in an orchiectomy

A
  1. Incision made in parietal vaginal tunic
  2. Testis is everted through incision > exposes blood vessels in spermatic cord
  3. Blood vessels are ligated
  4. Testis removed
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57
Q

a heavy, fibrous connective tissue capsule beneath the tunics that encloses each testis and functions to protect and support

A

Tunica Albuginea

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58
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place?

A

Seminiferous Tubules

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59
Q

a complex system of ducts that connect to the seminiferous tubules

A

Rete testis

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60
Q

large “nurse” cells that attach to spermatids while they’re undergoing physical transformations to provide mechanical support, structural support, and shield the developing spermatozoa from the immune system

A

Sertoli Cells

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61
Q

a flat, ribbonlike structure that lies along the surface of the testis that acts as the storage site of spermatozoa

A

Epididymis

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62
Q

the region of the epididymis where the spermatozoa enter from the efferent ducts

A

Head

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63
Q

the region of the epididymis that lies along the surface of the testis

A

Body

64
Q

the region of the epididymis that continues on as the vas deferens

A

Tail

65
Q

the tubules that transport spermatozoa from the rete testis to the epididymis

A

Efferent Ducts of the Testes

66
Q

the muscular tube that moves the spermatozoa from the tail of the epididymis up to the pelvic portion of the urethra when ejaculation occurs

A

Vas Deferens

67
Q

the enlargement of the vas deferens in some species just before it joins with the urethra and may contain glands that contribute material to semen

A

Ampulla

68
Q

What do the male accessory reproductive glands produce?

A

Seminal fluid

69
Q

What are the 3 male accessory reproductive glands?

A
  1. Seminiferous Tubules
  2. Prostate Gland
  3. Bulbourethral Gland (Cowper’s Gland)
70
Q

List the 4 parts of the penis

A
  1. Roots
  2. Body
  3. Glans
  4. Prepuce
71
Q

the part of the penis that attaches it to the brim of the pelvis, consist of two crura bands, and are covered by ischiocavernosus muscles

A

Roots

72
Q

bands of connective tissue that make up the roots of the penis

A

Crura

73
Q

the muscles that cover the root of the penis

A

Ischiocavernosus Muscles

74
Q

the part of the penis made up of two bundles of erectile tissue

A

Body

75
Q

a spongy network of fibrous connective tissue and sinuses in the penis body

A

Erectile Tissue

76
Q

List the 2 erectile tissue structures of the penis body

A
  1. Corpus Cavernosum Urethrae
  2. Corpus Cavernosum Penis
77
Q

the distal end of the penis that varies considerably in structure and appearance among species and has many nerve endings

A

Glans

78
Q

the sheath of skin that encloses the penis when it is not erect

A

Prepuce

79
Q

the bone in the penis of dogs

A

Os penis

80
Q

a structure toward the rear of the glans that becomes full size after ejaculation, is tightly clamped in place by the vaginal muscles, and makes it impossible for the male to withdraw the penis until the tie is over

A

Bulb of the Glans

81
Q

the stage of canine conception in which the male dismounts from the female, turns so he faces the opposite direction from her, and typically lasts 15-20 minutes

A

Tie

82
Q

he widest part of the horse penis that flairs into a distinctive mushroom shape

A

Corona Glandis

83
Q

the part of the horse penis that extends from the fossa glandis at the tip of the penis

A

Urethral Process

84
Q

a central depression at the tip of the horse penis from which the urethral process extends

A

Fossa Glandis

85
Q

the bent “S” shape of nonerect penises in some species

A

Sigmoid Flexure

86
Q

a long, thin, cordlike muscle that originates near the base of the tail and attaches to the bend of the sigmoid flexure

A

Retractor Penis Muscle

87
Q

List the 3 ligaments in the female reproductive system

A
  1. Left and Right Broad Ligaments
  2. Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary
  3. Round Ligament of the Uterus
88
Q

sheets of peritoneum that suspend the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus from the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity and contain blood vessels, nerve fibers, and fat

A

Left and Right Broad Ligaments

89
Q

the combining word referring to a sheet of tissue that attaches an organ to the body wall

A

Meso-

90
Q

the segment of the broad ligaments that supports the ovary

A

Mesovarium

91
Q

the segment of the broad ligament that supports the oviduct

A

Mesoalpinx

92
Q

the segment of the broad ligament that supports the uterus

A

Mesometrium

93
Q

the cranial extension of the mesovarium that attaches to the body wall in the area of the last rib

A

Suspensory Ligament of the Ovary

94
Q

a cord of fibrous tissue and smooth muscle that extends from the tip of the uterine horn caudally and to the inguinal ring area ventrally

A

Round Ligament of the Uterus

95
Q

term meaning to cut

A

Transect

96
Q

Where are the ova produced?

A

Follicles of the ovaries

97
Q

the process by which ova are produced in the follicles in the ovaries

A

Oogenesis

98
Q

female gametes that are not constantly produced

A

Ova

99
Q

What 2 types of hormones are produced in the ovaries?

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Progestins
100
Q

hormones produced by the cells of developing ovarian follicles and are responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy

A

Estrogens

101
Q

hormones produced by the corpus luteum in the ovaries that develop from the empty follicle after ovulation, help prepare the uterus for implantation of a fertilized ovum, and is necessary to maintain pregnancy once implantation occurs

A

Progestins

102
Q

What hormones influence the ovarian cycle?

A
  1. FSH
  2. LH
103
Q

rupture of mature follicle with release of the reproductive cell into the oviduct due to rising levels of LH

A

Ovulation

104
Q

species whose ovaries produce one mature ovum per cycle and normally give birth to one offspring at a time

A

Uniparous

105
Q

species whose ovaries product multiple ova per cycle and give birth to litters of young

A

Multiparous

106
Q

the structure that consists of the immature gamete surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells

A

Primordial (Primary) Follicle

107
Q

the process in which a few of the primordial follicles begin developing due to the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary

A

Follicular Recruitment (Follicular Activation)

108
Q

term once a primordial follicle has become activated

A

Growing Follicle

109
Q

term for follicular cells at the stage in which multiple layers of the cells form around zona pellucida and produce estrogens to prepare the animal for breeding and pregnancy

A

Granulosa Cells

110
Q

the large, fluid-filled space between the granulosa cells

A

Antrum

111
Q

term for the follicle when it has reached its maximum size and houses the oocyte

A

Mature Follicle

112
Q

a mound of granulosa cells inside the mature follicle on which the oocyte sits

A

Cumulus Oophorus

113
Q

a thin layer of granulosa cells that surrounds the cumulus oophorus

A

Corona Radiata

114
Q

species that require breeding to take place before ovulation can occur

A

Induced Ovulators

115
Q

the term used once the mature gamete is released from the follicle

A

Ovum

116
Q

the structure that forms from rapidly forming blood clots in the empty, post-ovulation follicle

A

Corpus Hemorrhagicum

117
Q

the degeneration of follicles at any stage of their development and is a normal part of each ovarian cycle

A

Follicular Atresia

118
Q

small, convoluted tubes extending from the tips of the uterine horns that function to guide ova from the ovary to the uterus and serve as the site of fertilization of ova by spermatozoa

A

Oviducts (Fallopian Tubes)

119
Q

the enlarged opening at the ovarian end of each oviduct that “catch” the ova

A

Infundibulum

120
Q

muscular, fingerlike projections forming the margin of the infundibulum and function to “feel” along the surface of the ovary and position the infundibulum where the follicles are located to ensure they catch the ovum

A

Fimbriae

121
Q

the hollow, muscular organ where the fertilized ovum implants and lives while it grows and develops into a new animal

A

Uterus

122
Q

the life-support system that keeps the fetus alive while it develops during pregnancy and is partially formed by the uterus

A

Placenta

123
Q

the portion of the uterus that extends in a caudal direction and eventually joins with the cervix

A

Uterine Body

124
Q

the portion of the uterus that extends cranially and extends to become the oviducts

A

Uterine Horns

125
Q

List the 3 layers of the uterus

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
126
Q

the thickest layer of the uterus made of smooth muscle to allow it to push the fetus out during parturition

A

Myometrium

127
Q

a powerful, smooth muscle sphincter located between the body of the uterus and the vagina that functions to control access to the lumen of the uterus from the vagina

A

Cervix

128
Q

the muscular tube that extends caudally from the cervix and connects it with the vulva

A

Vagina

129
Q

the only portion of the female reproductive system that is visible from the outside

A

Vulva

130
Q

List the 3 main parts of the vulva

A
  1. Vestibule of the Vulva
  2. Clitoris
  3. Labia
131
Q

the short space between the labia and the opening of the vagina

A

Vestibule of the Vulva

132
Q

the part of the vulva that is attached by 2 roots and has a body composed of erectile tissue and a innervated glans

A

Clitoris

133
Q

the external boundary of the vulva

A

Labia

134
Q

a noun that is the name of the stage of the estrous cycle that is commonly referred to as the “heat period” when the female is sexually receptive to the male

A

Estrus

135
Q

an adjective used with the noun “cycle” to refer to the entire reproductive cycle in females

A

Estrous

136
Q

the time from the beginning of one heat period to the beginning of the next and is controlled by FSH and LH

A

Estrous Cycle

137
Q

species who cycle continuously throughout the year if they’re not pregnant

A

Polyestrous

138
Q

species who cycle continuously at certain times of the year and not at all during others

A

Seasonally Polyestrous

139
Q

species who have 2 estrous cycles per year which are typically in the spring and fall

A

Diestrous

140
Q

species who have 1 estrous cycle per year

A

Monestrous

141
Q

List the 5 stages of the estrous cycle

A
  1. Proestrus
  2. Estrus
  3. Metestrus
  4. Diestrus
  5. Anestrus
142
Q

the formation of a tough keratin layer on the surface of the vagina to protect against the physical trauma of breeding

A

Cornification of the Vaginal Epithelium

143
Q

the condition caused by an exaggerated diestrous period and is characterized by animals having symptoms of pregnancy without actually being pregnant

A

Pseudocyesis (pseudopregnancy)

144
Q

Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
follicular development

A

Proestrus

145
Q

Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
ovary releases ovum
most receptive to copulation

A

Estrus

146
Q

Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
corpus luteum development

A

Metestrus

147
Q

Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
corpus luteum reaches max size + exerts max effect

A

Diestrus

148
Q

Stages of the Estrous Cycle:
temporary ovarian inactivity

A

Anestrus

149
Q

the condition in which one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum

A

Cryptorchidism

150
Q

the condition in which one testis has failed to descend into the scrotum

A

Unilateral Cryptorchidism

151
Q

the condition in which both testes have failed to descend into the scrotum

A

Bilateral Cryptorchidism

152
Q

a testis that has descended just outside the inguinal ring but not completely down to the scrotum

A

High Flanker

153
Q

a tumor in the testis that causes feminization of the male dog

A

Sertoli Cell Tumor

154
Q

enlargement of the mammary glands

A

Gynecomastia

155
Q

a procedure in which a section of each vas deferens is surgically removed in order to make the animal sterile by preventing spermatozoa from reaching the urethra during ejaculation

A

Vasectomy

156
Q

a surgical procedure in which the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are removed from an animal

A

Ovariohysterectomy

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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