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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Respiratory System > Flashcards

The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

the process of bringing oxygen from the outside air in to all of the body’s cells and carrying carbon dioxide in the opposite direction

A

Respiration

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of respiration?

A
  1. External Respiration
  2. Internal Respiration
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3
Q

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inhaled into the lungs and the blood flowing through the pulmonary capillaries

A

External Respiration

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4
Q

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the systemic capillaries and all of the cells and tissues of the body

A

Internal Respiration

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5
Q

List the 5 functions of the respiratory system

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Phonation
  3. Body temperature regulation
  4. Acid-base balance regulation
  5. Sense of smell
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6
Q

the process of voice production

A

Phonation

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7
Q

Higher vs lower blood CO2 levels in relation to blood pH

A

More CO2 > lower blood pH
Less CO2 > higher blood pH

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8
Q

all the respiratory structures outside of the lungs

A

Upper Respiratory Tract

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9
Q

List the 4 components of the upper respiratory tract

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
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10
Q

external openings of the respiratory tube that lead to the nasal passages

A

Nares (nostrils)

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11
Q

a condition characterized by difficulty breathings due to extremely small nares and is often seen in brachycephalic breeds

A

Stenotic Nares

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12
Q

the respiratory tubes located between the nares and the pharynx, are divided by the nasal septum, and contain the turbinates

A

Nasal Passages

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13
Q

the midline divider between the nasal passages

A

Nasal Septum

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14
Q

thin, scroll-like bones that divide each nasal passages into 3 nasal meatuses and help filter particulate matter from the air that passes through them

A

Turbinates

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15
Q

3 passageways formed by the turbinates

A

Nasal Meatus

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16
Q

How many turbinates are there and what are they?

A
  1. Dorsal turbinates
  2. Ventral turbinates
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17
Q

the nasal meatus located between the ventral turbinate and the floor of the nasal passage

A

Ventral Nasal Meatus

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18
Q

the nasal meatus located between the two sets of turbinates

A

Middle Nasal Meatus

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19
Q

the nasal meatus located between the dorsal turbinate and the roof of the nasal passage

A

Dorsal Nasal Meatus

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20
Q

List the 3 nasal meatus

A
  1. Ventral
  2. Middle
  3. Dorsal
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21
Q

cells in the nasal passages that produce mucus

A

Goblet Cells

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22
Q

outpouchings of the nasal passages contained within spaces in certain skull bones that produce mucus to line the nasal passages

A

Paranasal Sinuses (Sinuses)

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23
Q

the condition characterized by a painful buildup of fluid pressure in the sinus due to the nasal passages swelling shut or becoming plugged with inflammatory debris

A

Sinusitis

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24
Q

the tube that connects the nasal passage to the larynx

A

Pharynx (throat)

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25
Q

The rostral end of the pharynx is divided by what?

A

Soft palate

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26
Q

The soft palate divides the rostral end of the pharynx into what 2 structures?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
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27
Q

the short, irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea, is supported by the hyoid bone, and houses the vocal cords

A

Larynx (voice box)

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28
Q

the opening to the larynx

A

Glottis

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29
Q

the most rostral of the laryngeal cartilages that covers the opening to the larynx when an animal swallows to direct swallowed material into the esophagus

A

Epiglottis

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30
Q

List the 4 main laryngeal cartilages in common animal species

A
  1. Epiglottis
  2. Arytenoid cartilages
  3. Thyroid cartilage
  4. Cricoid cartilage
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31
Q

the laryngeal cartilages that attach to the vocal cords and form the opening to the larynx

A

Arytenoid Cartilage

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32
Q

a set of connective tissue bands in the larynx of nonruminants that are not involved with voice production

A

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Cords)

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33
Q

blind pouches on each of the larynx in nonruminants that project into the space between the vocal cords and the vestibular folds

A

Lateral Ventricles

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34
Q

List the 3 main functions of the larynx

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Prevention of foreign material from being inhaled
  3. Control of airflow to and from the lungs
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35
Q

a short, wide tube that extends from the larynx down through the neck region into the thorax and divides into the 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs

A

Trachea

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36
Q

the division of the windpipe into the 2 main bronchi that enter the lungs and occurs around the level of the base of the heart

A

Bifurcation of the Trachea

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37
Q

incomplete hyaline cartilage loops spaced along the length of the windpipe that prevent it from collapsing with each inhalation

A

Tracheal Rings

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38
Q

all the respiratory structures within the lungs as well as the 2 main bronchi

A

Lower Respiratory Tract

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39
Q

the air passageways that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli

A

Bronchial Tree

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40
Q

the opening of the air passageways to their maximum diameter

A

Bronchodilation

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41
Q

the partial reduction in size of the air passageways

A

Bronchoconstriction

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42
Q

the initial tracheal separation into 2 branches

A

Primary (Main-Stem) Bronchi

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43
Q

bronchi that supply different lobes of the lung

A

Secondary Bronchi

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44
Q

bronchi that supply different parts of the lung lobe

A

Tertiary Bronchi

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45
Q

the smaller subset of bronchi that come after the tertiary bronchi

A

Bronchioles

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46
Q

the site of external respiration where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air

A

Alveoli

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47
Q

a substance in the thin layer of fluid around each alveolus that helps reduce surface tension of the fluid in order to prevent the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out during breathing

A

Surfactant

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48
Q

the region of the lung in the caudal part of the thoracic cavity and lies directly on the cranial surface of the diaphragm

A

Base of the Lung

49
Q

the region of the lung in the cranial portion of the thoracic cavity

A

Apex of the Lung

50
Q

the region of the lung that lies against the inner surface of the thoracic wall

A

Convex Lateral Surface

51
Q

List the lobes of the lung in most common domestic species

A

Left Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Middle Lobe
3. Caudal Lobe

Right Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Middle Lobe
3. Caudal Lobe
4. Accessory Lobe

52
Q

List the lobes of the lung in horses

A

Left Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Caudal Lobe

Right Lung:
1. Cranial Lobe
2. Caudal Lobe
3. Accessory Lobe

53
Q

a small, well-defined area on the medial side of the lungs where air, blood, lymph, and nerves enter and leave the lung and is the only area of the lung “fastened in place”

A

Hilus

54
Q

a thin membrane that covers the organs and structures in the thorax and lines the inside of the thoracic cavity

A

Pleura

55
Q

a thin membrane that covers the organs and structures in the thorax

A

Visceral Pleura

56
Q

a thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal Pleura

57
Q

the small amount of lubricating fluid located between the visceral and parietal layers of the thoracic cavity

A

Pleural Fluid

58
Q

the portion of the thorax between the lungs that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatic structures

A

Mediastinum

59
Q

a thin sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the caudal boundary of the thorax and acts as an important respiratory muscle

A

Diaphragm

60
Q

the partial vacuum within the thorax that pulls the lungs tightly against the thoracic wall and aids the return of blood to the heart

A

Negative Intrathoracic Pressure

61
Q

Helps pull blood into large veins in the mediastinum that have no muscular pump to facilitate the process

A

Negative Intrathoracic Pressure

62
Q

the process of pulling air into the lungs

A

Inspiration

63
Q

Give the 2 main inspiratory muscles

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External Intercostal Muscles
64
Q

the muscles that increase the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs upward and forward and whose fibers are oriented in an oblique direction

A

External Intercostal Muscles

65
Q

the process of pushing air out of the lungs

A

Expiration

66
Q

Give the 2 main expiratory muscles

A
  1. Abdominal Muscles
  2. Internal Intercostal Muscles
67
Q

the muscles that decrease the size of the thoracic cavity by pushing the abdominal organs against the caudal surface of the diaphragm

A

Abdominal Muscles

68
Q

the muscles that decrease the size of the thoracic cavity by rotating the ribs backward and whose fibers run at right angles to the other intercostal muscles

A

Internal Intercostal Muscles

69
Q

the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 breath and varies according to the body’s needs

A

Tidal Volume

70
Q

the volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute

A

Minute Volume

71
Q

What is the equation to calculate minute volume?

A

Minute Volume = [tidal volume] x [# breaths per minute]

72
Q

the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration

A

Residual Volume

73
Q

What is the mechanism behind gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

Diffusion

74
Q

Atmospheric air is what percent oxygen?

A

21%

75
Q

the total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressure of each individual gas

A

Dalton’s Law

76
Q

the pressure of each individual gas

A

Partial Pressure

77
Q

What is the abbreviation for partial pressure?

A

P + chemical symbol for the gas

78
Q

the area of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem that controls breathing and has individual control centers for inspiration, expiration and breath-holding

A

Respiratory Center

79
Q

What are the 2 types of breathing control managed by the respiratory center?

A
  1. Mechanical Control
  2. Chemical Control
80
Q

the system that controls breathing by setting routine inspiration and expiration limits with the help of stretch receptors

A

Mechanical Control

81
Q

the system that controls breathing by monitoring levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance

A

Chemical Control

82
Q

Breathing control net effect: - Maintain normal, rhythmic, resting breathing pattern
- Aka > sets a baseline respiratory rate and depth

A

Mechanical Control

83
Q

Breathing control net effect:
- Adjust the normal, rhythmic breathing pattern produced by the mechanical control system when the CO2 content, pH or O2 content of arterial blood varies outside preset limits
- Aka > makes adjustments as needed to maintain homeostasis

A

Chemical Control

84
Q

the system that controls breathing by monitoring levels of certain substances in the blood and directs adjustments in breathing if they get out of balance

A

Chemical Control

85
Q

What are the 3 arterial blood characteristics important to chemically control breathing?

A
  1. CO2 content
  2. pH
  3. O2 content
86
Q

the manual control of an anesthetized patient’s breathing by squeezing and releasing the rebreathing bag of an inhalant anesthesia machine

A

Bagging

87
Q

a common clinical procedure in which a soft rubber or plastic tube is inserted through the glottis and advanced down into the trachea in order to provide an open airway for administration of inhalant anesthetic or to allow effective artificial ventilation

A

Endotracheal Intubation

88
Q

a soft rubber or plastic tube is inserted through the glottis and advanced down into the trachea in order to provide an open airway for administration of inhalant anesthetic or to allow effective artificial ventilation

A

Endotracheal (ET) Tube

89
Q

Which species can blind ET intubation be done?

A
  1. Horses
  2. Cattle
90
Q

Explain how to intubate horses and cattle

A
  1. Unconscious animal head + neck extended > gives straighter path into the larynx
  2. ET tube lubricated > gently inserted into the animal’s mouth
  3. ET tube advanced until it passes through the glottis > into the trachea
91
Q

Explain how to intubate a dog

A
  1. Unconscious animal head + neck extended
  2. Laryngoscope blade introduced into the mouth + advanced caudally until epiglottis identified
  3. Use tip of the laryngoscope blade to gently press the tip of the epiglottis ventrally > epiglottis is now out of the way > visual of arytenoid cartilages forming entrance to the glottis
  4. ET tube lubricated > directed between the cartilages > advanced down the trachea
92
Q

an instrument consisting of a battery-containing handle attached to a long, narrow blade with a small light source near the end used to assist with the intubation of short palate species

A

Laryngoscope

93
Q

Explain your options for intubating a cat

A
  1. Insert during expiration > Glottis is at maximum size
  2. Apply small amount of local anesthetic to the glottis
94
Q

a reflex in which the glottis slams shut when touched to prevent anything but air from entering the larynx

A

Laryngospasm

95
Q

an abnormal respiratory condition in which the muscles that tighten the arytenoid cartilage and vocal cord on one side of the larynx are paralyzed and results in the affected vocal cord flapping as the animal breathes

A

Laryngeal Hemiplegia (Roaring)

96
Q

the procedure in which the lateral ventricle on the affected side of the larynx is surgically removed

A

Laryngeal Ventriculectomy

97
Q

Which vocal cord is usually affected in laryngeal hemiplegia?

A

Left vocal cord

98
Q

an inflammatory condition of the lungs produced by inhalation of foreign material

A

Aspiration Pneumonia

99
Q

What are 2 common causes for Aspiration Pneumonia?

A
  1. Oral liquids administered too rapidly for animal to swallow
  2. Inhalation of regurgitated material by anesthetized animal
100
Q

a condition in which the space between the ends of several of the hyaline cartilage rings are wider than normal which causes the widened area of smooth muscle to get sucked down into the lumen of the trachea and partially block it during inhalation

A

Tracheal Collapse

101
Q

Which species are tracheal collapses most common?

A
  1. Miniature dog breeds
  2. Overweight dogs
102
Q

difficulty breathing in air

A

Inspiratory Dyspnea

103
Q

a disease in which certain irritant cause bronchial tree inflammation with resulting thickening of the lining of the air passageways, excess mucus production, and bronchoconstriction that can range from mild to life threatening

A

Asthma

104
Q

respiratory tract infection that affects some combination of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx and trachea and is generally not life threatening

A

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URI)

105
Q

a respiratory tract infection that can be severe due to fluid accumulation deep in the lungs that obstructs airflow and cannot be easily cleared

A

Lower Respiratory Tract Infection

106
Q

a lower respiratory tract infection involving the lining of the bronchial tree

A

Bronchitis

107
Q

a lower respiratory tract infection involving the bronchioles and alveoli

A

Pneumonia

108
Q

the presence of free air in the pleural space which results in the loss of negative intrathoracic pressure

A

Pneumothorax

109
Q

What can an untreated pneumothorax lead to?

A

Lung collapse

110
Q

a protective reflex that is stimulated by irritation or foreign matter in the trachea or bronchi and consists of a sudden, forceful expiration of air through the mouth

A

Cough

111
Q

What are the 2 types of coughs?

A
  1. Productive
  2. Nonproductive
112
Q

moist coughs that help an animal clear mucus and other matter from the lower respiratory passages

A

Productive Cough

113
Q

dry coughs that are generally not beneficial and are treated with cough-suppressant medications

A

Nonproductive Cough

114
Q

cough-suppressant

A

Antitussive

115
Q

a productive reflex that is stimulated by irritation or foreign matter in the nasal passages and consists of a sudden, forceful expiration of air through the nose and mouth

A

Sneeze

116
Q

a slow, deep breath taken through a wide-open mouth that may be stimulated by a slight decrease in blood oxygen levels, boredom, drowsiness, or fatigue

A

Yawn

117
Q

a slightly deeper than normal breath not accompanied by a wide-open mouth that may be a mild corrective action when the blood oxygen level gets a little low or carbon dioxide level gets a little high or to expand the lungs more than the normal breathing pattern

A

Sigh

118
Q

spasmodic contractions of the diaphragm accompanied by sudden closure of the glottis

A

Hiccups

119
Q

Why is it important to periodically give anesthetized animals deep sigh breaths?

A

Keeps lungs well expanded > prevents partial collapse of the lungs

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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