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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Pregnancy Development and Lactation > Flashcards

Pregnancy Development and Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

the act of breeding that is allowed by the female during the estrus period

A

Copulation

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2
Q

insertion of the penis into the vagina

A

Intromission

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3
Q

Mounting in kneeling position

A

Kneeling (Cushed) Position

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4
Q

a series of changes that spermatozoa undergo in the female reproductive tract that collectively serve to increase their chances of fertilizing an ovum

A

Capacitation

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5
Q

the term once the ovum is fertilized

A

Zygote

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6
Q

the nucleus of the spermatozoon immediately after fertilization

A

Male Pronucleus

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7
Q

the nucleus of the ovum immediately after fertilization

A

Female Pronucleus

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8
Q

the rapid division of the zygote’s cells as soon as the pronuclei form a single nucleus

A

Cleavage

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9
Q

the stage of development in which the zygote is a solid mass of cells that gradually forms a hollow cavity in the center

A

Morula

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10
Q

the stage of development in which the morula forms into a hollow ball of cells with a bump on one side

A

Blastocyst

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11
Q

the means by which a blastocyst embeds itself in the endometrium of the uterus

A

Implantation

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12
Q

a multilayered, fluid-filled, membranous sac that develops around the embryo and functions to support the developing offspring by supplying nutrients and removing wastes

A

Placenta

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13
Q

List the 3 layers of the placenta from inside out

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Allantois
  3. Chorion
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14
Q

the placental layer immediately around the fetus

A

Amnion

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15
Q

the fluid-filled sac that forms immediately around the fetus and is where the fetus floats

A

Amniotic Sac

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16
Q

the placental layer surrounding the amniotic sac

A

Allantois

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17
Q

the fluid-filled sac forms around the amnion

A

Allantoic Sac

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18
Q

the placental layer that attaches to the uterine lining and is linked to the fetus via the umbilical cord

A

Chorion

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19
Q

the connection between the embryo and the nutrient and waste exchange structures of the placenta

A

Umbilical Cord

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20
Q

the blood vessel that carries unoxygenated, waste-filled blood from the fetus to the placenta

A

Umbilical Arteries (x2)

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21
Q

the blood vessel that carries nutrient- and oxygen-rich blood back from the placenta to the fetus

A

Umbilical Vein (x1)

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22
Q

a tube that runs from the cranial tip of the fetus’ urinary bladder through the umbilical cord to the allantoic sac

A

Urachus

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23
Q

What are the 4 types of placental attachment in the uterus

A
  1. Diffuse
  2. Cotyledonary
  3. Zonary
  4. Discoid
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24
Q

the type of placental attachment in which the attachment sites are spread throughout the whole surface of the placental and the whole lining of the uterus

A

Diffuse Placental Attachment

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25
Q

the type of placental attachment involving separate, specific attachment sites on both the uterus and the placenta that interdigitate tightly with each other

A

Cotyledonary Placental Attachment

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26
Q

the sites of attachment in cotyledonary placentas

A

Placentome

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27
Q

the portion of the placentome that is on the surface of the placenta and interdigitates with the uterine lining

A

Cotyledon

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28
Q

The portion of the placentome that is on the surface of the uterine lining that interdigitates with the placenta

A

Caruncle

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29
Q

infection of the uterus

30
Q

the type of placental attachment in which the placental attaches to the uterus like a belt that encircles the placenta

A

Zonary Placental Attachment

31
Q

the type of placental attachment in which the attachment between placenta and uterus is a single, discrete, disc-shaped area

A

Discoid Placental attachment

32
Q

What type of placental attachment do cattle, sheep, and goats have?

A

Cotyledonary

33
Q

What type of placental attachment do dogs and cats have?

34
Q

What type of placental attachment do primates, rabbits, and rodents have?

35
Q

the segment of time from fertilization of the ovum to the delivery of the newborn and is typically divided into trimesters

A

Gestation Period

36
Q

Trimester Characteristics:
- Zygote implants
- Placenta develops

A

First Trimester

37
Q

Trimester Characteristics:
- Fetal development period
- All body tissues, organs, and systems develop

A

Second Trimester

38
Q

Trimester Characteristics:
- Fetal growth period
- All parts of fetus grow dramatically

A

3rd Trimester

39
Q

List the 3 stages of labor

A
  1. Uterine contractions
  2. Delivery of newborn
  3. Delivery of the placenta
40
Q

the stage of labor in which the myometrium contracts as the cervix relaxes, the fetus is pressed against the cervix, and the cervix gradually dilates

A

Uterine Contractions

41
Q

the stage of labor in which strong uterine + abdominal contractions rupture the amniotic and allantoic sacs

A

Delivery of Newborn

42
Q

the stage of labor in which the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus and is expelled

A

Delivery of Placenta

43
Q

the contraction of the uterus down to its nonpregnant size

A

Involution of the Uterus

44
Q

specialized skin glands that produce colostrum and milk that are needed by neonates

A

Mammary Gland

45
Q

the large and specialized mammary glands of a cow

46
Q

the mammary glands in the udder of a cow that each have their own milk-secreting systems and ducts leading down to their own teats

47
Q

What are the 2 types of ligaments in the suspensory system of the udder

A
  1. Median Suspensory Ligament
  2. Lateral Suspensory Ligaments
48
Q

ligament that passes down the center between the left and right halves of the udder and contain many elastic fibers so it can stretch

A

Medial Suspensory Ligament

49
Q

ligament that pass down and around the outsides of each half of the udder and contain strong inelastic collagen fibers

A

Lateral Suspensory Ligament

50
Q

the milk-secreting units of the mammary gland

51
Q

the tiny tube in which the tiny, saclike arrangement of cells secrete milk into

A

Alveolar Duct

52
Q

the large space located just dorsal to the teat and is where the largest ducts empty in order to accumulate milk

A

Gland Sinus

53
Q

the large space that is a continuation of the gland sinus and is where milk accumulates

A

Teat Sinus

54
Q

the passageway from the teat sinus to the outside that is surrounded by elastic fibers and a ring-like sphincter muscle to minimize leakage

A

Streak Canal

55
Q

the process of milk production that begins toward the end of pregnancy and is obvious at the time of parturition

56
Q

a pre-milk secretion produced by the mammary gland that contains high levels of various essential vitamins, contains larger amounts of proteins, lipids, and amino acids than milk, and transfers passive immunity to the newborn

57
Q

proteins found in colostrum that are specific to disease-causing organisms the dam has been exposed to or vaccinated against

A

Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)

58
Q

the “drying up” of the mammary gland due to lack of hormonal stimulation and increased pressure on the gland due to it no longer being emptied

A

Involution of the Mammary Gland

59
Q

cells around the alveoli and small ducts that contract during milk let-down so the milk can move to the larger ducts

A

Myoepithelial Cells

60
Q

the term for the placenta once it has been delivered

A

Afterbirth

61
Q

the process through which uterine and abdominal contractions cause the membranes of the placenta to rupture and release their fluid

A

Water Breaking

62
Q

problems during the birthing process

63
Q

Give 2 common causes of dystocia

A
  1. Fetus is too large to pass
  2. Abnormal presentation
64
Q

the state in which the fetus is in wrong position to deliver

A

Abnormal Presentation

65
Q

the action of pushing a fetus back far enough to allow it to be repositioned for delivery

A

Repelling the Fetus

66
Q

the surgical removal of a fetus

67
Q

the procedure of cutting up a dead fetus into small enough segments to be removed through the birth canal to save the life of the dam

A

Embryotomy

68
Q

Which 2 hormones are involved in the breeding stage?

A
  1. Estrogens
  2. Oxytocin
69
Q

Which hormones are involved during the gestation stage?

A

Progestins

70
Q

Which 6 hormones are involved in the parturition stage?

A
  1. Relaxin
  2. ACTH
  3. Glucocorticoids
  4. Estrogens
  5. Prostaglandins
  6. Oxytocin
71
Q

Which 3 hormones are involved in lactation stage?

A
  1. GH
  2. Prolactin
  3. Oxytocin

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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