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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system is what type of system?

A

Closed

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2
Q

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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3
Q

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart

A

Veins

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4
Q

tiny blood vessels that form the transition between arteries and veins

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

List the 2 types of circulation in the cardiovascular system

A
  1. Pulmonary Circulation
  2. Systemic Circulation
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6
Q

Which side of the heart controls pulmonary circulation vs systemic circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation - right side
Systemic Circulation - left side

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7
Q

the space in the thoracic cavity between the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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8
Q

List the 7 structures contained in the mediastinum

A
  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Trachea (thoracic portion)
  4. Esophagus
  5. Thymus (young animals)
  6. Lymph nodes
  7. Nerves
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9
Q

the rounded, cranial end of the heart

A

Base

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10
Q

the more pointed, caudal end of the heart

A

Apex

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11
Q

the line drawn from the apex to the base of the heart

A

Long Axis

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12
Q

the fibrous membrane that surrounds the heart and is divided into two layers

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

the portion of the pericardium that is loose enough for the heart to comfortably beat inside of it but is not elastic and cannot stretch if the heart becomes enlarged

A

Pericardial Sac

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14
Q

the portion of the pericardium that produces the pericardial fluid that lubricates the heart as it beats

A

Serous Pericardium

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15
Q

Give the 2 divisions of the pericardium

A
  1. Pericardial Sac
  2. Serous Pericardium
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16
Q

What are the 2 layers of the serous pericardium?

A
  1. Parietal Layer
  2. Visceral Layer (Epicardium)
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17
Q

a smooth, moist serous membrane that lines the pericardial sac

A

Parietal Layer

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18
Q

a smooth, moist serous membrane that lies directly on the surface of the heart

A

Visceral Layer (Epicardium)

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19
Q

the region between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the pericardium that is filled with a lubricating fluid

A

Pericardial Space

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20
Q

the lubricant between the parietal layer and visceral layer of the pericardium that prevents friction as they rub together during contractions and relaxations of the heart muscle

A

Pericardial Fluid

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21
Q

Give the 3 layers of the heart wall

A
  1. Epicardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Endocardium
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22
Q

the outermost layer of the heart wall

A

Epicardium (Visceral Layer of the Serous Pericardium)

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23
Q

the thickest layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

the layer of the heart wall that forms the lining of the heart chambers and covers the heart valves

A

Endocardium

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of chambers in the heart

A
  1. Atria
  2. Ventricles
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26
Q

the chambers that receive blood into the heart and whose walls form the base of the heart

A

Atria

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27
Q

the continuation of the myocardium that separates the left and right atria

A

Interatrial Septum

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28
Q

pouches on the anterior surface of each atria that increase the capacity of each atrium and help pump blood within the heart

A

Auricles

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29
Q

the chambers that pump blood out of the heart and whose walls form the apex of the heart

A

Ventricles

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30
Q

the chamber of the heart that pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta

A

Left Ventricle

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31
Q

the chamber of the heart that pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation through the pulmonary artery

A

Right Ventricle

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32
Q

the continuation of the myocardium that separates the left and right ventricles

A

Interventricular Septum

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33
Q

the area of the interventricular septum that is visible on the outside of the heart, contains coronary blood vessels, and is often filled with fat

A

Interventricular Groove

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34
Q

related to the heart

A

Coronary

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35
Q

Which ventricular myocardium is thicker? Why?

A

Left because it needs to pump blood to the rest of the body

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36
Q

formed from the interventricular septum and the interatrial septum

A

Atrioventricular Septum

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37
Q

flaps of endothelium that open when the pressure from the amount of blood in the atrium forces it open and allows blood to flow into the ventricle, as well as snaps shut when pressure from the blood in the ventricle exceeds that of the atrium

A

Cusps

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38
Q

collagen fiber cords attached to the edge of each atrioventricular cusp and the papillary muscles

A

Chordae tendonae

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39
Q

What are the 2 types of valves in the heart?

A
  1. Atrioventricular Valves
  2. Semilunar Valves
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40
Q

the heart valves that control blood flow between the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves

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41
Q

List the 2 atrioventricular valves

A
  1. Bicuspid / Mitral Valve (Left AV)
  2. Tricuspid Valve (Right AV)
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42
Q

the atrioventricular valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

Bicuspid / Mitral Valve

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43
Q

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

A

2

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44
Q

the atrioventricular valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid Valve

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45
Q

the heart valves that control blood flow out of the ventricles and into arteries

A

Semilunar Valves

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46
Q

List the 2 semilunar valves in the heart

A
  1. Aortic Valve
  2. Pulmonary Valve
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47
Q

the heart valve that controls blood flow from the left ventricle into systemic circulation

A

Aortic Valve

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48
Q

the heart valve that controls blood flow from the right ventricle into the lungs

A

Pulmonary Valve

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49
Q

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

A

3

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50
Q

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

A

3

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51
Q

Where is the skeleton of the heart located?

A

Between the atria + ventricles
1. Root of pulmonary trunk
2. Root of aorta
3. Ring for right AV
4. Ring for left AV

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52
Q

What is the skeleton of the heart made of?

A

4 dense fibrous connective tissue rings

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53
Q

Give the 4 functions of the skeleton of the heart

A
  1. Separates atria + ventricles
  2. Anchors the heart valves
  3. Point of attachment for myocardium
  4. Some electrical insulation between atria + ventricles
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54
Q

branch off the aorta just past the aortic valve and supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary Arteries

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55
Q

Which chamber in the heart gets the largest blood supply?

A

Left ventricle

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56
Q

carry deoxygenated blood from the myocardium back to the right atrium

A

Coronary Veins

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57
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from the coronary veins and empties into the right atrium to return the blood into circulation

A

Coronary Sinus

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58
Q

the ability of cardiac muscle to create its own contractions and relaxations through its internal conduction system

A

Autorhythmic

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59
Q

drugs that decrease transmission of the electrical impulse through the AV node cells

A

Calcium Channel Blockers

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60
Q

Explain the general pathway for blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Right atrium
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Lungs
  4. Left atrium
  5. Left ventricle
  6. Body
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61
Q

Explain the detailed pathway for blood flow through the heart

A
  1. Vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Pulmonary circulation
  8. Pulmonary vein
  9. Left atrium
  10. Mitral valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic valve
  13. Aorta
  14. Systemic circulation
  15. Arteries
  16. Capillaries
  17. Veins
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62
Q

the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation to the heart

A

Vena Cava

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63
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the vena cava

A
  1. Caudal Vena Cava
  2. Cranial Vena Cava
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64
Q

the vein that brings blood from the abdomen to the right atrium

A

Caudal Vena Cava

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65
Q

the vein that brings blood from the head to the right atrium

A

Cranial Vena Cava

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66
Q

one cycle of atrial and ventricular contraction and relaxation that produces 1 heartbeat

A

Cardiac Cycle

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67
Q

List the 4 structures of the primary cardiac conduction system

A
  1. Sinoatrial Node
  2. Atrioventricular node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Purkinje Fibers
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68
Q

an area of cardiac muscle cells that automatically generate the impulses needed to trigger each heartbeat and is located in the wall of the right atrium

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

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69
Q

Explain the contraction of cardiac muscle cell

A
  1. Cardiac muscle cells are polarized (outside cell (Na+ and Ca+2 / inside cell K+)
  2. Na+ and Ca+2 ions move into the cell > cell is now depolarized > cell contracts
  3. K+ ions move out of the cell > polarity restored
  4. Ions are pumped back to the original locations > cell is repolarized
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70
Q

Explain the general cardiac muscle impulse pathway

A
  1. Base
  2. Apex
  3. Base
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71
Q

Explain the detailed cardiac muscle impulse pathway

A
  1. SA node (in right atrium)
  2. Across both atria
  3. AV node (in atrioventricular septum)
  4. Delay at AV node (allows atria to complete contraction before ventricles do)
  5. Bundle of His
  6. Apex
  7. Purkinje Fibers
  8. Right + left ventricular myocardium
72
Q

the contraction of the myocardium which causes a chamber to empty itself of blood

A

Systole

73
Q

When cardiac muscle cells are depolarized in the cardiac cycle

A

Systole

74
Q

the relaxation of the myocardium which allows a chamber to fill with blood again

A

Disatole

75
Q

When cardiac muscle cells are repolarized in the cardiac cycle

A

Diastole

76
Q

Atrial systole + Ventricle diastole =

A

Atrial systole + Ventricle diastole = blood flows from atria to the ventricles

77
Q

Ventricular systole + Atrial diastole =

A

Ventricular systole + Atrial diastole = blood ejects from ventricles + atria fill again

78
Q

the sound produced when the tricuspid and mitral valves snap shut after atrial systole

A

“Lub”

79
Q

the sound produced when the pulmonary and aortic valves snap shut after ventricular systole

A

“Dub”

80
Q

the sound produced by turbulence in blood flow and sounds like a whooshing sound instead of a lub or a dub

A

Murmur

81
Q

a heart condition where one or more cardiac valves don’t close all the way and produces a murmur sound due to blood backflowing abnormally into a chamber

A

Valvular Insufficiency

82
Q

the result when the mitral valve doesn’t close all the way when the left ventricle begins systole and some of the blood backflows into the left atrium

A

Mitral Valve Insufficiency

83
Q

a heart condition where any one or more of the cardiac valves don’t open all the way and produces a murmur sound due to blood flowing through a partially open valve

A

Valvular Stenosis

84
Q

results when the mitral valve doesn’t open entirely during left atrial systole and some of the blood remains in the left atrium

A

Mitral Valve Stenosis

85
Q

the volume of blood that is ejected out of the left ventricle over a unit of time (usually 1 minute)

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

86
Q

What is the formula to determine cardiac output?

A

Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

87
Q

What 2 factors determine cardiac output?

A
  1. Stroke Volume (Systolic Discharge)
  2. Heart Rate
88
Q

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during one contraction or systole and represents the strength of the heartbeat

A

Stroke Volume (Systolic Discharge)

89
Q

What 3 factors determine stroke volume?

A
  1. Preload
  2. Afterload
  3. Length of Cardiac Muscle Cells
90
Q

the volume of blood the ventricle receives from the atrium

A

Preload

91
Q

the physical resistance presented by the artery the ventricle is ejecting blood into

A

Afterload

92
Q

the number of times the ventricle contracts or beats in 1 minutes

A

Heart Rate

93
Q

What is the normal heart rate / pulse rate for:
Dogs
Cats
Horses

A

Dogs = 70-120
Cats = 120-140
Horses = 28-40

94
Q

List the 3 layers of the walls in arteries and veins

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Middle Layer
  3. Outer Layer
95
Q

the layer in the walls of arteries and veins that lines the lumen and is smooth so blood can flow through the vessel with little to no friction

A

Endothelium

96
Q

the layer in the walls of arteries and veins made of smooth muscle, elastic fibers, or both in order to control vasodilation and provide elasticity to the vessel

A

Middle Layer

97
Q

the layer in the walls of arteries and veins composed of fibrous connective tissue and collagen fibers in order to prevent the wall from tearing, anchor the vessels, and keep the lumen of the vessel pulled open

A

Outer Layer

98
Q

What are the 2 types of ateries?

A
  1. Elastic Arteries
  2. Muscular Arteries
99
Q

arteries found closest to the heart because they can stretch and recoil without damage

A

Elastic Arteries

100
Q

arteries located farther from the heart, direct blood to specific organs and tissues, and branch into arterioles

A

Muscular Arteries

101
Q

tiny blood vessels whose small diameter and contraction abilities via the autonomic nervous system produce blood flow resistance to help maintain blood pressure, as well as branch into capillaries

A

Arterioles

102
Q

the largest elastic artery in the body

A

Aorta

103
Q

the arteries that supply the legs and tail

A

Iliac Arteries

104
Q

the artery that branches off the iliac arteries and travels distally along the medial surface of the rear leg

A

Femoral Artery

105
Q

the artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle

A

Coronary Artery

106
Q

the arteries that branch off the aorta and give rise to the carotid arteries

A

Subclavian Arteries

107
Q

the arteries that supply blood to the head and neck

A

Carotid Arteries

108
Q

the artery that supplies blood to the stomach, spleen, and liver

A

Coeliac (Celiac) Artery

109
Q

the arteries that supply blood to the intestines

A

Cranial and Caudal Mesenteric Arteries

110
Q

the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys

A

Renal Arteries

111
Q

microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries to veins and are where exchanges of gases and nutrients take place

A

Capillaries

112
Q

tiny blood vessels that allow deoxygenated blood to return from capillary beds to the veins

A

Venules

113
Q

the veins that carry blood from the head to the cranial vena cava

A

Jugular Veins

114
Q

the largest vein in the body

A

Vena Cava

115
Q

the veins of the intestinal system that join together to form the portal vein

A

Mesenteric Vein System

116
Q

the juncture of the mesenteric veins that empties into the liver where blood is filtered and detoxified

A

Portal Vein

117
Q

the vein that drains the liver and empties into the caudal vena cava

A

Hepatic Vein

118
Q

the vein on the anterior surface of the forelimbs

A

Cephalic Vein

119
Q

the vein on the lateral surface of the hind limbs just proximal to the hock

A

Lateral Saphenous Vein

120
Q

the vein on the medical surface of the femur

A

Medial Saphenous Vein

121
Q

the blood vessel that carries carbon dioxide and wastes and picks up oxygen and nutrients for the fetus

A

Umbilical Artery

122
Q

the blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta into the fetus

A

Umbilical Vein

123
Q

List the 2 structures that allow fetal blood to bypass the lung tissue

A
  1. Foramen Ovale
  2. Ductus Arteriosus
124
Q

the fetal circulation structure located between the left and right atria that permits oxygenated fetal blood to bypass lung tissue

A

Foramen Ovale

125
Q

the fetal circulation structure located between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that permits oxygenated fetal blood to bypass lung tissue

A

Ductus Arteriosus

126
Q

a condition in which the fetal-bypass structure between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close in the newborn, results in an audible murmur and inadequate blood oxygenation

A

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

127
Q

the rate of alternating stretching and recoiling of the elastic fibers in an artery as blood passes through it with each heartbeat and is used to evaluate the strength and regularity of the pulsations

A

Pulse

128
Q

the wave of increased pressure started by ventricular systole radiating from the semilunar valves over the arterial system

A

Pulse Wave

129
Q

Common Pulse Points for:
Cat
Dog
Cow
Horse
Sheep
Goat
Piglet
Pig

A

Cat - femoral artery
Dog - femoral artery
Cow - coccygeal artery + facial artery
Horse - mandibular artery + posterior digital artery
Sheep - femoral artery
Goat - femoral artery
Piglet - femoral artery
Pig - coccygeal artery

130
Q

the measure of the amount of pressure flowing blood exerts on arterial walls

A

Blood Pressure

131
Q

Blood pressure is dependent on interactions between what 4 things?

A
  1. HR
  2. Stroke Volume
  3. Diameter + elasticity of arteries
  4. Total blood volume
132
Q

the pressure measurement produced by the ejection of blood from the left ventricle into systemic circulation through the aorta

A

Systolic BP

133
Q

Higher # on BP reading

A

Systolic BP

134
Q

the measurement of pressure remaining in an artery during left ventricular relaxation

A

Diastolic BP

135
Q

Lower # on BP reading

A

Diastolic BP

136
Q

the average pressure on an artery during one cardiac cycle and can be used when monitoring an anesthetized animal as an indication of tissue perfusion

A

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

137
Q

What are the 2 methods to measure BP?

A
  1. Oscillometric Method
  2. Doppler Ultrasound Method
138
Q

the blood pressure measurement method that measures systolic BP, diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate

A

Osciollometric Method

139
Q

the blood pressure measurement method that measures systolic BP

A

Doppler Ultrasound Method

140
Q

Tests that monitor the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Heart rate and rhythm
- Detect heart murmurs

A

Auscultation of the thorax

141
Q

Tests that monitory the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Rate, regularity, and strength of pulse

A

Peripheral Artery Palpation

142
Q

Tests that monitor the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Cardiac output

A

Measurement of Arterial BP

143
Q

Tests that monitor the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Size and position of the heart

A

Thoracic Radiography

144
Q

Tests that monitory the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Electrical activity of the heart

A

Electrocardiography

145
Q

Tests that monitory the cardiovascular system - evaluates:
- Size, shape, movement of heart structures

A

Echocardiography

146
Q

a procedure that records electrical signals in the heart to help diagnose heart attacks and arrythmias

A

Electrocardiography

147
Q

ECG or EKG

A

Electrocardiogram

148
Q

the time it takes the wave of depolarization (contractions) to travel from the SA node through the atria and corresponds to the mechanical activity of atrial contractions in a normal animal

A

P wave

149
Q

the time of ventricular depolarization (contraction) and corresponds to the mechanical activity of ventricular contraction

A

QRS complex

150
Q

corresponds to the depolarization of the interventricular septum

A

Q wave

151
Q

corresponds to the depolarization of the main mass of the ventricles and is the largest wave

A

R wave

152
Q

corresponds to the final part depolarization of the ventricles near the base of the heart

A

S wave

153
Q

the time of ventricular repolarization (relaxation) and corresponds to the time taken by the ventricles to get ready for the next contraction by refilling with blood from the atria

A

T wave

154
Q

a procedure that uses ultrasound to bounce sound waves off parts of the heart in order to evaluate the size of the heart chambers, thickness of the myocardium, functioning of the valves, and overall movement of the heart and its parts

A

Echocardiography (ECHO or Cardiac Ultrasound)

155
Q

an ultrasound procedure that measures blood flow through the heart and adds color to the image in order to evaluate for valvular stenosis and insufficiency

A

Doppler Echocardiography

156
Q

Venipuncture site:
Runs between the elbow and carpus on the cranio-medial aspect of the forearm

A

Cephalic Vein

157
Q

Venipuncture site:
Runs along the medial aspect of the hind limb between the groin and the hock

A

Femoral vein

158
Q

Venipuncture site:
Runs along the lateral aspect of the hind limb from the cranial aspect of the leg just above the hock to the caudal aspect just below the stifle

A

Saphenous Vein

159
Q

Venipuncture site:
Travel in muscular grooves along the ventral aspect of each side of the neck, from mandible to shoulder

A

Jugular Vein

160
Q

Venipuncture site:
Travels along the ventral aspect of each side of the abdomen from the udder to about the level of the sternum

A

Superficial Caudal Epigastric Vein (Milk Vein)

161
Q

Venipuncture site:
Runs along the ventral midline of the tail

A

Coccygeal Vein

162
Q

the most cranial stomach compartment in cattle that rests directly behind the heart

A

Reticulum

163
Q

inflammation and infection of the reticulum and abdominal cavity in cattle caused by puncture of the reticulum wall by a foreign object

A

Reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease)

164
Q

an infection of the pericardium that usually progresses to heart failure and death

A

Septic Pericarditis

165
Q

excess fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac

A

Pericardial Effusion

166
Q

diseases or conditions that occur spontaneously with no known cause

A

Idiopathic

167
Q

the condition in which the pericardial space is overfilled with fluid and the heart is unable to expand normally between contractions

A

Cardiac Tamponade

168
Q

the manual resetting of the electrical conduction system in the heart

A

Defibrillation

169
Q

electrical heart stimulation located outside the sinoatrial node that results in lost contraction synchronization

A

Ectopic Pacemakers

170
Q

meaning out of place

A

Ectopic

171
Q

a condition in which heart muscle cells in different areas contract independently of one another and all coordinated pumping in the ventricles is lost

A

Ventricular Fibrillation

172
Q

a condition that occurs when the pumping ability of the heart decreases, usually due to disease of the heart muscle or a valve malfunction that restricts forward flow of blood through a valve or allows a backward flow

A

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

173
Q

fluid in the abdomen

A

Ascites

174
Q

excess fluid in the tissues

A

Edema

175
Q

Type of CHF characterized by
- Blood returning from systemic circulation can no longer move through the right heart as quickly
- Causes increased BP in systemic circulation > ascites + edemas

A

Right-Side Congestive Heart Failure

176
Q

Type of CHF characterized by:
- Venous return from the lungs is decreased
- Causes pulmonary edema > interferes with respiratory function

A

Left-Side Congestive Heart Failure

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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