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anatomy & physiology 2 > Amphibian & Reptilian Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Amphibian & Reptilian Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

the collective term for amphibians and reptiles

A

Herptiles

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2
Q

animals that are unable to generate body heat internally and thus their body temperatures are dependent on environmental temperatures

A

Ectothermic

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3
Q

the mechanisms used by herptiles to maintain their body temperature in an appropriate range

A

Behavioral Thermoregulation

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4
Q

Give 3 behavioral thermoregulation mechanisms

A
  1. Movements within the thermal gradient of their habitat
  2. Postural changes
  3. Adjust color and pattern of skin (some species)
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5
Q

a range of temperatures in which an animal can perform all necessary metabolic functions

A

Preferred Optimal Temperature Zones (POTZ)

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6
Q

periods of hibernation herptiles go through when temperatures drop out of the range in which the animal can remain active

A

Brumation

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7
Q

pigment-containing cells that allow some lizards to change their skin color and pattern drastically

A

Chromatophores

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8
Q

bony plates within the dermis of some lizards and crocodilians

A

Osteoderms

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9
Q

modified scales that cover the eyes of snakes

A

Spectacle (Brille)

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10
Q

overlapping structures formed by a folding of the reptile epidermis that can vary greatly in size and shape

A

Scales

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11
Q

the rigid type of keratin that is found in scales

A

Beta Keratin

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12
Q

structures formed in the lower vascular layer of reptile skin that produce a horny outer layer that does not overlap

A

Scute

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13
Q

the softer and more flexible type of keratin that is found in the interscalar skin

A

Alpha Keratin

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14
Q

the process of shedding skin and is controlled by the thyroid gland

A

Ecdysis

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15
Q

dead skin

A

Exuvia

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16
Q

areas of increased permeability on the ventral surfaces of amphibians that amphibians absorb the majority of their water from

A

Drink Patches

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17
Q

List the 2 types of periocular glands in reptiles

A
  1. Lacrimal Glands
  2. Harderian Glands
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18
Q

the gland in most reptiles that lies in a caudodorsal position of the orbit

A

Lacrimal Glands

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19
Q

the gland in most reptiles that lies medial to the eye in the rostral aspect of the orbit

A

Harderian Glands

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20
Q

scleral bones that help the eye maintain its shape and provide protection from trauma in reptiles

A

Ossicles

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21
Q

modified vessels in the eye of reptiles that protrude into the vitreous humor in order to bring nutrition and remove waste

A

Choroidal Vessels

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22
Q

a structure in the eye of lizards that extends into the vitreous humor from the optic disc to provide nutrition and remove waste

A

Conus Papillaris

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23
Q

a structure with a rudimentary retina and cornea, but no iris, lids, or musculature and likely functions to play a role in light-cycle-mediated hormone function due to its connection to the pineal gland

A

Parietal Eye

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24
Q

How many chambers do most reptilian hearts have?

A

2 - atria
1 - ventricle

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25
Q

List the 3 structures within the reptilian ventricle

A
  1. Cavum Venosum
  2. Cavum Arteriosum
  3. Cavum Pulmonale
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26
Q

the structure from which the paired aortic arches arise from and lead into systemic circulation

A

Cavum Venosum

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27
Q

the structure within the reptilian heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins and directs oxygenated blood to the cavum venosum

A

Cavum Arteriosum

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28
Q

the structure within the reptilian heart that receives blood from the right atrium and directs flow into lung circulation

A

Cavum Pulmonale

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29
Q

Which type of reptile does not have 3 heart chambers and how many does it have?

A

Crocodilians have 4 chambers
2 atria
2 ventricles
2 aortas

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30
Q

the structure in the crocodilian heart that allows blood from the right ventricle to bypass the pulmonary circulation when necessary

A

Foramen Panizza

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31
Q

a structure at the opening of the pulmonary artery in the crocodilian heart that diverts blood into the left aorta and systemic circulation when closed instead of allowing the blood to enter pulmonary circulation

A

Cog-Wheel Valve

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32
Q

How many chambers does the amphibian heart have?

A

2 atria
1 ventricle

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33
Q

Equation employing metabolic scaling for determination of the “appropriate” heart rate in reptiles

A

HR = 33.4 x (weight in kg ^-0.25)

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34
Q

How is cardiac monitoring achieved in reptiles?

A

Place animal on its back > observe movement of ventral scutes or scales

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35
Q

smooth muscle in the walls of some lymph vessels that actively pump lymph through the vessels

A

Lymph Hearts

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36
Q

What is important to remember with the presence of large lymph vessels in association with blood vessels in reptiles?

A

Results in frequent lymph contamination of a sample during venipuncture

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37
Q

List 3 reasons why reptiles are capable of functioning with very low oxygen levels

A
  1. Large pulmonary valve
  2. Efficient anaerobic metabolism
  3. Cardiac shunting capabilities
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38
Q

a structure possessed by some species of snake that increases the volume of vocalizations

A

Glottal Keel

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39
Q

a reptilian lung structure whose cranial portion contains tissue involved in gas exchange and an avascular caudal portion comparable to the avian air sac (found in snakes and some lizards)

A

Unicameral Lung

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40
Q

a reptilian lung structure that divides into many compartments, possesses intrapulmonary bronchi, and is found in chelonians, some lizards, and crocodilians

A

Multicameral Lung

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41
Q

a reptilian lung structure that shares characteristics of unicameral and multicameral lungs, and is found in iguanas and chameleons

A

Paucicameral Lung

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42
Q

gas-exchange structures in herptile pulmonary tissue that do not expand or contract and are surrounded by capillary beds where the blood takes up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

A

Faveoli

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43
Q

a muscular structure located caudal to the lungs that attaches to the cranial aspect of the liver in crocodilians

A

Postpulmonary Septum

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44
Q

a muscle that attaches the caudal aspect of the liver to the pubis in crocodilians

A

Diaphragmaticus

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45
Q

a method of respiration in which contraction of the diaphragmaticus muscle moves the postpulmonary septum caudally through the liver and results in inflation of the lungs

A

Hepatic Piston

46
Q

Which type of reptile uses hepatic piston respiration?

A

Crocodilians

47
Q

middle ear structures that functioning as calcium-secreting glands to help maintain calcium homeostasis, particularly during egg formation and metamorphosis in amphibians

A

Endolymphatic Sacs

48
Q

an accessory olfactory organ that can detect particle gradients across the sampled area to enable animals to follow scent trails efficiently

A

Vomeronasal Organ

49
Q

a process in which the caudodorsal aspect of the fleshy tongue is flipped forward into a cranioventral position to pull prey into the mouth

A

Lingual Flipping

50
Q

modified salivary glands found in the upper jaw below the eyes or along the lateral aspects of the lower jaws

A

Venom Glands

51
Q

the keratinized beaks of turtles and tortoises

A

Tomia

52
Q

List the 3 types of reptilian dentition

A
  1. Thecodont
  2. Pleurodont
  3. Acrodont
53
Q

a type of reptilian dentition in which the teeth arise from sockets in the skull bones and are only found in crocodilians

A

Thecodont

54
Q

a type of reptilian dentition in which their associated teeth are fused to the biting edges of the mandible and maxillae

A

Pleurodont

55
Q

a type of reptilian dentition in which the teeth are fused to the biting edges of the mandible and maxillae

A

Acrodont

56
Q

Which type of reptilian dentition does not grow back if the tooth is lost or broken?

A

Acrodont

57
Q

How many rows of teeth do snakes have? Where are they?

A

6
2 - mandibles
2 - maxillae
2 - palatine / pterygoid bones

58
Q

Give the 4 categories of venomous snake dentition

A
  1. Solenoglyphous Snakes
  2. Proteroglyphous Snakes
  3. Opisthoglyphous Snakes
  4. Aglyphous Snakes
59
Q

snakes with fangs that fold against the roof of the mouth when the mouth is closed and are moved into an erect position when the snake bites

A

Solenoglyphous Snakes

60
Q

snakes with fangs that are fixed in an upright position

A

Proteroglyphous Snakes

61
Q

snakes with fangs that are fixed in an upright position and are rear-fanged

A

Opisthoglyphous Snakes

62
Q

snakes without fangs and are nonvenomous

A

Aglyphous Snakes

63
Q

Do amphibians have teeth?

A

Most have teeth

64
Q

well-developed cutting plates on the rostral mandibles of some frogs

A

Odontoid Process

65
Q

The reptilian liver is supplied by blood from what 2 vessels?

A
  1. Hepatic Artery
  2. Portal Vein
66
Q

What causes the dark brown to black color in herptile livers?

A

Large number of melanomacrophages

67
Q

cells involved in immune function and can give the amphibian liver a mottled black appearance

A

Melanomacrophages

68
Q

the common outflow tract in all herptiles for gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts made up of 3 chambers

A

Cloaca

69
Q

List the 3 chambers of the cloaca

A
  1. Coprodeum
  2. Urodeum
  3. Proctodeum
70
Q

Where do the ureters empty into in reptiles?

A

Urodeum > they do not have urinary bladders

71
Q

openings in amphibian kidneys that connect the coelomic cavity to the renal tubules and function to filter coelomic fluid

A

Nephrostomes

72
Q

paired structures that can be everted from the tail base through the vent and form a trough to transmit semen into the cloaca of female snakes and lizards

A

Hemipenes

73
Q

List the 5 regions of the oviducts

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Magnum
  3. Isthmus
  4. Uterus
  5. Vagina
74
Q

species in which the albumen and shell are added in the oviduct prior to egg laying

A

Oviparous

75
Q

species in which the fetuses are retained in the uterine portion of the oviduct for development

A

Viviparous

76
Q

the process of adding a lipid substance to the yolk within the developing follicle

A

Vitellogenesis

77
Q

a lipid substance formed by the liver from mobilized fat and can give the liver a yellow color

A

Vitellogenin

78
Q

the process of laying eggs

A

Oviposition

79
Q

What 4 environmental conditions must be met for successful hatching of reptiles?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Humidity
  3. Gas composition
  4. Appropriate amounts of moisture in substrate
80
Q

a phase that occurs when incubation temperatures drop and development stops for a period of time, but resumes when temperatures rise again

A

Diapause

81
Q

How is sex determined in reptiles?

A
  1. Genotype
    or
  2. Temperature at which eggs are incubated
82
Q

structures that are remnants of pelvic limbs and are used by males to provide tactile stimulation to females during courtship

A

Pelvic Spurs

83
Q

a concave structure in male chelonians that allows closer apposition of the cloaca when the male mounts the female

A

Plastron

84
Q

ovarian remnants associated with the testes in male toads

A

Bidder’s Organs

85
Q

the embrace carried out by male anurans in order to fertilize the eggs as they are laid

A

Amplexus

86
Q

pockets within the female salamander’s cloaca that store sperm

A

Spermatotheca

87
Q

retaining the larval form into adulthood

A

Neotenic

88
Q

List the 3 major divisions of the reptilian brain

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
89
Q

the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the olfactory lobes, cerebral hemispheres and the diencephalon

A

Forebrain

90
Q

the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the optic lobes, cerebral peduncles, and nerve fibers connecting the hindbrain to the forebrain

A

Midbrain

91
Q

the division of the reptilian brain consisting of the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata

A

Hindbrain

92
Q

a brain with no gyri or sulci present on the surface

A

Lissencephalic

93
Q

List the 2 meninges of the reptilian brain

A
  1. Pia-Arachnoid Layer
  2. Dura Mater
94
Q

the vascular meninge that lies directly on the surface of the brain and spinal cord in reptiles

A

Pia-Arachnoid Layer

95
Q

the avascular and outer meninge in the reptilian brain and spinal cord

A

Dura Mater

96
Q

What are the 2 types of reptile skulls?

A
  1. Anapsid
  2. Diapsid
97
Q

the type of reptilian skull with no temporal opening

A

Anapsid Skull

98
Q

the type of reptilian skull with temporal openings

A

Diapsid Skull

99
Q

List the 3 regions of the reptilian vertebral column

A
  1. Presacral
  2. Sacral
  3. Caudal
100
Q

the ability of lizards to drop their tails when being pursued or attacked by a predator

A

Tail Autonomy

101
Q

the last caudal vertebrae in anurans

A

Urostyle

102
Q

The arrangement of skeletal muscles in snakes allows for what 4 methods of locomotion?

A
  1. Concertina
  2. Lateral Undulation
  3. Sidewinding
  4. Rectilinear
103
Q

abnormal shedding

A

Dysecdysis

104
Q

the condition in which epithelial cells become flattened, lose their ability to perform normal functions

A

Squamous Metaplasia

105
Q

Hypovitaminosis A can result in what condition?

A

Squamous Metaplasia

106
Q

What glands are frequently associated with squamous metaplasia?

A
  1. Lacrimal Glands
  2. Harderian Glands
107
Q

the most commonly used vessel for reptilian blood collection

A

Ventral Coccygeal Vein

108
Q

Where is the ventral coccygeal vein located?

A

Courses on the midline just ventral to the vertebrae of the tail

109
Q

What 4 vessels are used for blood sample collection in chelonians?

A
  1. Jugular vein
  2. Dorsal coccygeal vein
  3. Brachial vein
  4. Subcarapacial vein
110
Q

List 3 alternative blood collection options are there for herptiles

A
  1. Cardiac puncture
  2. Ventral abdominal vein
  3. Postoccipital sinus
111
Q

a condition in which fibrous connective tissue develops in place of bone in an effort to provide support to the limbs

A

Fibrous Osteodystrophy

anatomy & physiology 2 (12 decks)

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