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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Avian Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Avian Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

a protein necessary for the production of scales, feathers and the outer sheaths of beaks and claws

A

Keratin

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2
Q

dermal structures innervated by smooth muscle to help the regulation of heat in birds

A

Feather Follicles

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3
Q

the one major skin gland possessed by most birds that secretes an oily substance used to clean and waterproof feathers

A

Uropygial (Preen) Gland

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4
Q

the one major skin gland possessed by most birds that secretes an oily substance used to clean and waterproof feathers

A

Preening

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5
Q

Claw types vary based on what 2 things?

A
  1. Perching habits
  2. Method of procuring food
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6
Q

long, sharp, rounded bird claws used to catch and kill prey

A

Talon

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7
Q

the tiny opening at the base of the feather where it inserts into the skin and is how a new, developing feathers receive nourishment from blood vessels

A

Inferior Umbilicus

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8
Q

the tiny opening on the feather shaft where the webbed part of the feather begins and gives rise to an afterfeather in some species

A

Superior Umbilicus

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9
Q

an accessory feather the provides additional insulation to retain body heat

A

Afterfeather

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10
Q

the round, hollow, semitransparent portion of a feather that extends from the inferior umbilicus to the superior umbilicus

A

Calamus (the quill)

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11
Q

the main feather shaft

A

Rachis

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12
Q

the flattened part of a feather that appears weblike on each side of the rachis and consists of numerous barbs

A

Vane

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13
Q

slender closely spaced structures on the vane of the feather that give rise to barbule

A

Barb

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14
Q

structures of the feather that have rolled edges and tiny hooklets

A

Barbules

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15
Q

tiny hooklets that interlock each barb with and adjacent one in order to form a tightly linked and flexible web

A

Hamuli

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16
Q

the type of feather that covers a bird’s body and constitute the flight feathers of the wings and tail

A

Contour Feathers

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17
Q

flight feathers in the wing

A

Remiges

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18
Q

tail feathers

A

Retrices

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19
Q

small contour feathers around the external ear openings and improve a bird’s hearing ability

A

Auricular Feathers

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20
Q

the type of feather that provide insulation, provide flexibility for the movement of the contour feathers and help with buoyancy in water birds

A

Semiplume Feathers

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21
Q

the type of feathers that are soft and fluffy, lack a true shaft, barbules and hooklets on their barbs, and function as insulation

A

Down Feathers

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22
Q

the type of feathers that have a bare shaft lacking barbs on the majority of their length except the tip and contain sensitive nerve endings that receive pressure and vibration sensations from slight movements of the contour feathers

A

Filoplume Feathers

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23
Q

modified contour feathers with a stiff rachis, a few barbs at the base and function to serve a bird’s sense of touch

A

Bristles

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24
Q

the type of feathers that grow continuously at the base and disintegrate at their tip in order to create a waxy powder that is spread throughout the rest of the plumage to clean it and provide waterproofing

A

Powder Down Feathers

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25
Q

bare areas of skin on the body of birds that contain no feathers

A

Apteria

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26
Q

specific tracts from which feathers originate on the body of birds

A

Pterylae

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27
Q

List the 8 types of pterylae

A
  1. Caudal
  2. Humeral
  3. Alar
  4. Central
  5. Spinal
  6. Femoral
  7. Crural
  8. Caudal
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28
Q

a weakened area on the feather vane where the barbs lack barbules caused by interrupted blood flow to the feather during its growth phase

A

Fault Bar (Stress Bar)

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29
Q

the process of feather replacement that occurs once to several times a year depending on the species

A

Molting

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30
Q

the type of molting in which one or two pairs of flight feathers are molted at a time so that a bird can still fly adequately

A

Symmetric Feather Replacement

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31
Q

an epidermal covering that covers a newly emerging feather

A

Periderm

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32
Q

Give 4 characteristics unique to the avian skeleton that allow for flight

A
  1. Reduction in # of bones
  2. Fusion of bones to form plates > provides strength + simplifies movements
  3. Reduction in bone density
  4. Loss of internal bone matrix
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33
Q

two small moveable bones that the lower bill hinges on

A

Quadrates

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34
Q

List 2 ways the avian skull is adapted for flight

A
  1. Thinner than other animals
  2. Jaws extend into keratinized bill > instead of heavy teeth
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35
Q

the size of the bird’s mouth when open

A

Gape

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36
Q

protective bony plates that border the eye sockets

A

Sclerotic Ring

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37
Q

In what 2 ways does the avian vertebral column differ from other animals?

A

More > cervical + coccygeal vertebrae

Less > thoracic, lumbar, sacral vertebrae

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38
Q

How is the avian cervical vertebrae different than that of mammals? Give 3 ways

A
  1. Atlas has 1 condyle instead of 2
  2. More cervical vertebrae
  3. Special connecting surfaces for neck flexibility
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39
Q

a projection on one rib that overlaps the adjoining rear rib to strengthen the rib cage of birds

A

Uncinate Process

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40
Q

a light, strong, bony plate that fuses with the pelvis to provide a stiff framework for support of the legs and acts as a shock absorber when the bird lands to protect the legs and backbone from injury

A

Synsacrum

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41
Q

The structure formed from the fusion of several distal lumbar vertebrae, sacral vertebrae, and the first few coccygeal vertebrae

A

Synsacrum

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42
Q

the structure that supports the tail feathers and is formed by the fusion of the distal coccygeal vertebrae

A

Pygostyle

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43
Q

List the 2 functions of the avian sternum

A
  1. Protects chest cavity from injury
  2. Point of origin for flight muscles
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44
Q

a large bony ridge on the sternum of strong fliers to which the flight muscles attach, but is missing entirely in flightless birds

A

Keel

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45
Q

What 3 bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Coracoids
  2. Scapulae
  3. Clavicles
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46
Q

the bones of the pectoral girdle that help protect the sternum during the contraction of flight muscles

A

Coracoids

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47
Q

the bones of the pectoral girdle that help protect the rib cage and are positioned along the backbone

A

Scapulas

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48
Q

the bones of the pectoral girdle that keep a bird’s shoulders separated and are positioned outward/forward from the body

A

Clavicles

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49
Q

a depression on each side of the pectoral girdle that forms a joint with the wing

A

Glenoid Cavity

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50
Q

What is commonly injured when birds collide with glass windows or doors?

A

Pectoral Girdle

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51
Q

a structure on the humerus that acts as an attachment site for wing muscles

A

Pectoral Crest

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52
Q

Explain the difference in avian humerus length

A

Short > birds that rely on flapping flight

Long > birds that glide and soar

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53
Q

weight-bearing bone in birds and acts as an attachment point for the secondary flight feathers

A

Ulna

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54
Q

the bird bone that originates in the wrist and carries the feathers important for steering

A

Alula Bone

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55
Q

The first finger in avian species

A

Alula Bone

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56
Q

feathers important for steering

A

Alula Feathers

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57
Q

the bird bones that support the primary flight feathers with help from the metacarpals

A

2nd and 3rd Fingers

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58
Q

a lightly vascularized web of skin extending from the shoulder to the wrist that provides elasticity to the wing and assists in the aerodynamics of flight

A

Patagium (Propatagium)

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59
Q

What 3 bones make up the avian pelvic girdle?

A
  1. Ileum
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis
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60
Q

Which part of the pelvic girdle is not fused and why?

A

Distal end
Allows for egg laying

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61
Q

the crests on the femur where the leg muscles attach

A

Greater and Lesser Trochanters

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62
Q

This joint projects forward when standing to help keep the lower leg under the bird’s center of gravity

A

Stifle Joint

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63
Q

a single, elongated bone that makes up the hock in birds

A

Tarsometatarsus

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64
Q

the bottom of the bird’s foot that is surrounded by 2-4 toes

A

Metatarsal Pad

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65
Q

bird species with 3 toes facing forward and 1 facing backward

A

Anisodactyl

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66
Q

bird species with toes 2 and 3 facing forward and toes 1 and 4 facing backward

A

Zygodactyl

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67
Q

How do you reference the digits in birds?

A

Numbering system based on the # of joints the digit has

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68
Q

muscle fibers that are thick, have a low supply of blood and myoglobin, and must use stores of glycogen to sustain muscle contraction for short periods of time

A

White Fibers

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69
Q

muscle fibers that are thinner and use their rich supply of blood, fat, myoglobin, and mitochondria to sustain muscle contractions for long periods

A

Red Fibers

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70
Q

List the 4 actions/counteractions of the wing muscles

A
  1. Elevating/Depressing the leading edge of the wing
  2. Pulling the wing Forward/Backward
  3. Extending/Flexing the wing
  4. Controlling movement of alula bone
71
Q

What are the 2 most prominent muscle pairs in birds?

A
  1. Pectoralis
  2. Supracoracoideus
72
Q

the wing muscle that originates on the sternum, inserts on the underside of the humerus, and depresses the wing when it contracts to cause the downstroke

A

Pectoralis

73
Q

the wing movement caused by contraction of the pectoralis muscle

A

Downstroke

74
Q

the wing muscle that originates on the sternum, turns into a tendon that passes through the glenoid cavity, inserts on the humerus, and elevates the wing when it contracts to cause the upstroke

A

Supracoracoideus

75
Q

the wing movement caused by contraction of the supracoracoideus muscle

A

Upstroke

76
Q

when a bird bends its legs to stand on a branch, the tendons also bend and pull the toes closed around the branch

A

Perching Reflex

77
Q

the muscle located on the dorsal side of a chick’s head that develops during the embryonic stage, is needed to help a chick break out of its shell, and rapidly atrophies after exiting the shell

A

Hatching Muscle

78
Q

Give the 3 possible eye shapes in birds

A
  1. Round
  2. Flat
  3. Tubular
79
Q

Which control centers in the avian brain are large?

A
  1. Vision
  2. Hearing
80
Q

Give the 3 layers of tissue in the avian eye

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic
  2. Uveal Tunic
  3. Neural Tunic
81
Q

the layer of the avian eye that consists of the sclera in the back, the cornea in the front, and a sclerotic ring at the transition point between the two

A

Fibrous Tunic

82
Q

small bones that reinforce the transition point between the sclera and cornea in avian eyes

A

Sclerotic Ring

83
Q

the layer of the avian eye that is vascular and pigmented, and consists of the choroid in the back, the iris in the front, and the ciliary muscles

A

Uveal Tunic

84
Q

the layer of the avian eye that consists of the retina

A

Neural Tunic

85
Q

What type of muscles are in the iris of birds? Why?

A

Striated muscles > voluntary control over pupil size

86
Q

a thin, transparent membrane consisting of specialized epithelial cells that brush moisture over the eye from the nasal corner laterally and contain striated muscles

A

Nictitating Membrane

87
Q

a highly vascularized, ribbonlike structure in bird eyes that attach to the retina, floats in the vitreous humor, and distributes nutrition to the eye

A

Pecten

88
Q

Nocturnal birds have a higher concentration of (cones/rods).

A

Rods

89
Q

Give 3 anatomic features that give birds higher visual acuity

A
  1. Retina is only lightly vascularized
  2. Retina has twice as many photoreceptor cells as other vertebrates
  3. Each cone has only 1 connection to a bipolar nerve cell
90
Q

funnel-shaped area containing a high concentration of cones and has the sharpest vision

A

Fovea

91
Q

Which type of birds have an additional fovea besides the fovea centralis? Where is it?

A

Diurnal birds have a temporal fovea too

92
Q

Which species of birds can see UV light?

A

Diurnal species

93
Q

an opening that funnels sound into the eardrum and is bordered with special auricular feathers that protect the ear during turbulent flight, while still allowing sound to pass through

A

External Ear

94
Q

the separation of the external ear and the middle ear

A

Tympanic Membrane

95
Q

the chamber of the avian ear that contains the columella and acts as a funnel to transmit sound into the cochlear window

A

Middle Ear

96
Q

the single bone in the middle ear of birds that acts as a funnel to transmit sound and connects to the inner ear

A

Columella

97
Q

the separation between the middle ear and the inner ear and protects the inner ear from pressure damage

A

Cochlear Window

98
Q

the chamber of the avian ear that functions to maintain balance and equilibrium, as well as converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for processing

A

Inner Ear

99
Q

the structure of the inner ear that converts sound waves into nerve impulses that are sent to the brain for processing

A

Cochlea

100
Q

the flap of skin at each external ear opening that helps to funnel the sound into the ears

A

Operculum

101
Q

What unique feature of the operculum helps with vertical location of sound in nocturnal owls?

A

Asymmetric - one is slightly above the midpoint of the eye and one is slightly below it

102
Q

List the 2 types of sensory nerve endings on the skin of birds

A
  1. Grandry’s Corpuscle
  2. Herbst Corpuscle
103
Q

a type of avian tactile nerve ending found in groups in the tongue and palate of species that dig for food

A

Grandry’s Corpuscle

104
Q

a type of avian tactile nerve ending that is very sensitive to the slightest feather movement and are found in the mouth, cloaca, legs, wings, uropygial gland, and the bases of many feathers

A

Herbst Corpuscle

105
Q

a pouch created by an expansion of the esophagus in birds that functions to store, lubricate, and regulate the passage of food

A

Crop

106
Q

List the 3 types of crops

A
  1. Dilation of the esophagus
  2. Single pouch
  3. Double pouch
107
Q

What are the 2 components of the bird stomach?

A
  1. Proventriculus
  2. Ventriculus
108
Q

the component of the bird stomach where chemical digestion begins

A

Proventriculus

109
Q

the component of the bird stomach consisting of distinct bands of striated muscles that work to grind food components such as bones, scales, and nuts

A

Ventriculus

110
Q

paired sacs located at the junction of the small and large intestines in some species of birds that function to assist in water reabsorption and the bacterial fermentation of cellulose

A

Ceca

111
Q

Give the 3 sections of the cloaca

A
  1. Coprodeum
  2. Urodeum
  3. Proctodeum
112
Q

the section of the cloaca that receives excrement from the intestine

A

Coprodeum

113
Q

the section of the cloaca that receives discharge from the kidneys and genital ducts

A

Urodeum

114
Q

the section of the cloaca that stores the excrement

A

Proctodeum

115
Q

the organization of waste products that consist of a dark fecal matter center surrounded by a ring of urates

A

Mute

116
Q

the muscular opening through which mute is eliminated

A

Vent

117
Q

How many chambers does the avian heart have?

A

4

118
Q

Adheres to several internal surfaces to keep the heart anchored in place

A

Pericardial Sac

119
Q

the vessels that provide blood to the flight muscles and wings and are very large (respectively)

A

Pectoral + Brachial Arteries

120
Q

valves at the junction of the iliac and renal veins that steer blood to either the kidneys for removal of metabolic waste or directly to the heart

A

Renal Portal System

121
Q

Which type of wave on ECGs are missing in some species of birds?

A

Q waves

122
Q

phagocytic avian leukocytes whose rise in number is usually seen with the onset of acute diseases

A

Heterophils

123
Q

avian leukocytes whose rise in number is a response to allergic reactions and heavy internal parasite loads

A

Eosinophils

124
Q

phagocytic avian leukocytes that act as a body’s second line of cellular defense and indicate tuberculosis and aspergillosis when they increase in number

A

Monocytes

125
Q

avian leukocytes that produce humeral antibodies to help fight off infections

A

Lymphocytes

126
Q

the opening of the trachea at the back of the tongue

A

Glottis

127
Q

two internal nares that open from the nasal chambers in the roof of the mouth

A

Choanae

128
Q

Does NOT produce sound like it does in mammals

A

Larynx

129
Q

the enlargement of the trachea above the sternum that contains muscles, air sacs, and vibrating membranes to produce sound

A

Syrinx

130
Q

What dictates the complexity of avian vocalizations?

A

The # of muscles in the syrinx

131
Q

the term for the bronchi once they enter the lung and lose their cartilaginous rings

A

Mesobronchi

132
Q

secondary bronchi

A

Ventrobronchi

133
Q

the small divisions of the bronchi that are connected to air capillaries

A

Parabronchi

134
Q

thin-walled, lightly vascularized, transparent membranes that make up 80% of the total volume of the respiratory system

A

Air Sacs

135
Q

List the 9 air sacs in the avian respiratory system

A
  1. Cranial (x2)
  2. Caudal (x2)
  3. Cervical (x2)
  4. Abdominal (x2)
  5. Interclavicular (x1)
136
Q

Give the 4 functions of avian air sacs

A
  1. Reservoirs for air
  2. Facilitate air diffusion through capillaries
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Provide buoyancy for water birds
137
Q

______ + _____ are required to transport one pocket of air through the entire respiratory system

A

2 inhalations + 2 expirations

138
Q

How is air moved into the lungs?

A

Pushed

139
Q

the rapid vibration of a bird’s upper throat patch when they are trying to increase airflow throughout their respiratory system

A

Gular Fluttering

140
Q

a heat conservation process in which body temperature is decreased by several degrees and heart rate and oxygen consumption are reduced

A

Nocturnal Torpor

141
Q

the structures in nephrons that remove wastes, salt, glucose, gases, and water from the blood

A

Glomerulus

142
Q

the structures in nephrons that selectively reabsorb water, salt, and glucose into the blood through capillaries to concentrate waste products for elimination

A

Tubules

143
Q

What is the predominant component in avian urine?

A

Uric Acid

144
Q

Where is seminal fluid produced in the avian reproductive system?

A

Tubules

145
Q

Give the 5 divisions of the avian oviduct

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Magnum
  3. Isthmus
  4. Uterus (Shell Gland)
  5. Vagina
146
Q

the segment of the avian oviduct the possesses folds that grab an ovum as it comes out of the ovary

A

Infundibulum

147
Q

the segment of the avian oviduct that secretes layers of albumin around the egg

A

Magnum

148
Q

the segment of the avian oviduct that deposits the keratin shell membrane

A

Isthmus

149
Q

the large and muscular segment of the avian oviduct that deposits watery albumin, a hard external shell, and pigmentation

A

Uterus (Shell Gland)

150
Q

the segment of the avian oviduct that secretes mucus to assist in egg laying and stores sperm for hours to several days

A

Vagina

151
Q

a group of eggs that a female bird lays and incubates

A

Clutch

152
Q

What are the 2 types of egg layers?

A
  1. Determinate
  2. Indeterminate
153
Q

egg layers with a specific number of follicles that develop in the ovary and produces a complete clutch once they are laid (even if the eggs are removed)

A

Determinate

154
Q

egg layers that can produce more eggs than their normal clutch size and will continue to lay eggs if their eggs disappear

A

Indeterminate

155
Q

What is the average incubation temperature?

A

95 F

156
Q

the incubation behavior

A

Broodiness

157
Q

an area of skin on the lower abdomen where heat is transferred to the egg

A

Brood Patch

158
Q

Which sex determines gender of the chick? How are the chromosomes represented?

A

Females
ZZ = male
ZW = female

159
Q

List the 4 classifications of newly hatched chicks

A
  1. Altricial
  2. Semialtricial
  3. Precocial
  4. Semiprecocial
160
Q

chicks hatching with their eyes closed and skin bare that require a lot of care before they can leave the nest

A

Altricial

161
Q

chicks hatching covered in down, are immobile, may have eyes open or closed

A

Semialtricial

162
Q

chicks hatching covered in downy feathers, have their eyes open, are mobile, and leave the nest quickly

A

Precocial

163
Q

chicks hatching covered in down, have open eyes, move a short distance from the nest, and are fed by their parents

A

Semiprecocial

164
Q

the process of rubbing the beak on rough surfaces to clean them and maintain their shape after a meal

A

Feak

165
Q

the trimming and reshaping of beaks and nails to prevent them from becoming too long to eat properly or developing cracks and chips

A

Coping

166
Q

degeneration of the bones in the feet

A

Osteomyelitis

167
Q

the condition characterized by pad abrasions, abscess formation, and osteomyelitis due to claws becoming too long and sharp

A

Bumblefoot

168
Q

a condition in which birds preen excessively, removing most to all of their body feathers, especially on their chest and legs

A

Feather Picking Disorder

169
Q

What are the 3 easiest vessels to draw blood from in birds?

A
  1. Jugular vein
  2. Brachial vein
  3. Medial metatarsal vein
170
Q

The jugular is most commonly used for venipuncture in what species?

A

Psittacines

171
Q

The brachial vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in what species?

A

Raptors

172
Q

The medial metatarsal vein is most commonly used for venipuncture in what species?

A

Waterfowl

173
Q

when the bird tail moves with each labored breath

A

Tail Bobbing

174
Q

the condition in which eggs passing through the oviduct sometimes get lodged

A

Egg Binding

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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