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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Nutrients & Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrients & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by 1 degree

A

Kilocalories (Calories)

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2
Q

a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions

A

Nutrient

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3
Q

List the 6 categories of nutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Proteins
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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4
Q

Which 3 nutrients produce energy when consumed?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Fats
  3. Proteins
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5
Q

Give the 3 dietary sources of carbohydrates and what type of saccharide they are found in

A
  1. Sugars - mono and disaccharides
  2. Starches - polysaccharides
  3. Cellulose - polysaccharides
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6
Q

Which types of nutrients can and cannot be manufactured?

A

Nonessential Nutrients - CAN be manufactured
Essential Nutrients - can NOT be manufactured and must be obtained from diet

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7
Q

the most vital requirement for survival

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

the 2nd most vital requirement for survival and the most important nutrient

A

Water

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9
Q

Amount of water needed daily by an animal (mL) = what?

A

Amount of water needed daily by an animal (mL) = the amount of its daily energy requirement (Cal)

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10
Q

What % of water loss would cause serious illness in most animals? Death without immediate treatment?

A

10% water loss > serious illness in most animals
15% water loss > fatal without immediate treatment

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11
Q

All dietary carbohydrates come from plants except which 2?

A

Lactose > milk
Glycogen > meat

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12
Q

the fundamental building-block molecule that results from breaking down large molecules of carbohydrates and is used by the cell to make other molecules

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What type of saccharide is glucose?

A

Monosaccharide

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14
Q

the process that uses glucose to make ATP

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

List the 4 categories of lipids

A
  1. Neutral fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Other lipoid substances
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16
Q

fats formed by 3 chains of fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

A

Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)

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17
Q

What are the 2 building blocks of neutral fats?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Glycerol
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18
Q

a neutral fat building block made from linear molecules that are classified as long-chain, medium-chain, or short-chain depending on the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the molecule

A

Fatty Acids

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19
Q

a neutral fat building block that is a modified simple sugar

A

Glycerol

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20
Q

The physical state of triglycerides depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. Length of fatty acid chains
  2. Degree of saturation with hydrogen atoms within the chains
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21
Q

fatty acids with single bonds between the carbon atoms that can accommodate the greatest number of hydrogen atoms

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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22
Q

fatty acids with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms and can accommodate fewer hydrogen atoms

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of unsaturated fats?

A
  1. Monounsaturated
  2. Polyunsaturated
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24
Q

modified triglycerides derived primarily from the cell membranes of plant and animal cells and contain 2 fatty acid chains, 1 glycerol molecule, and a polar head

A

Phospholipids (Diglycerides)

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25
lipids made from 4 hydrocarbon rings
Steroids
26
Cholesterol, Bile salts, Sex hormones and Hormones from the adrenal cortex are what type of lipid?
Steroids
27
the essential precursor to all other steroid molecules
Cholesterol
28
regulatory molecules derived from arachidonic acid that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes which play a role in the inflammatory process, blood clotting, and labor contractions
Eicosanoids
29
Which functional group makes amino acids unique?
R group
30
Proteins are made of at least how many amino acids?
50
31
How many nonessential amino acids are there in most species? How many essential?
Nonessential - 12 Essential - 10
32
the principle that all amino acids, essential and non-essential, must be present in the cell in sufficient quantity and all at the same time or the body cannot make new proteins
All or None Rule
33
protein sources that contain all of the essential amino acids many species need
Complete Proteins
34
What is an example of a complete protein?
Meat
35
the state in which the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss
Nitrogen Balance
36
the measurement of the amount of nitrogen from protein that is packaged by the liver into molecules before they are excreted by the kidney
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test
37
the state in which the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy (ATP)
Positive Balance
38
Positive balance occurs during what 3 events?
1. Healing 2. Pregnancy 3. Growth
39
the state in which the protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues
Negative Balance
40
Negative balance occurs during what 3 events?
1. Physical or emotional stress 2. Starvation 3. Poor quality of dietary protein
41
Often on pet food containers but gives no indication of the quality (utilization potential) of a protein
Crude Protein
42
the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions and defines the amount of amino acids available for metabolic processes
Biologic Value
43
nutrients whose molecular structure activates an enzyme in order to enable it to carry out its metabolic reactions or have other important roles in the body
Vitamins
44
Vitamins must be consumed in the diet except for which 4?
1. Vitamin D 2. Vitamin K 3. Vitamin A 4. Biotin
45
a provitamin essential for many species that can be converted into vitamin A by the animal body
Beta Carotene
46
Which type of vitamin is excreted in the urine if there is excess?
Water-Soluble Vitamins
47
Which type of vitamin is not excreted in the urine if there is excess?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
48
Which type of vitamin is toxicity possible?
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
49
Which type of vitamin is toxicity rare?
Water-Soluble Vitamins
50
inorganic substances essential for life that do no generate energy, but work with other nutrients to ensure that the body functions normally
Minerals
51
Give the 3 classifications of minerals
1. Macrominerals 2. Microminerals 3. Trace Elements
52
What is the basis for how minerals are classified?
Based on how much is required by the body
53
How are macrominerals expressed?
Parts per hundred 1 pph = 10 g per kg of food
54
How are microminerals expressed?
Parts per million 1 ppm = 1 mg per kg of food
55
one of the most vital microminerals
Iron
56
List the 6 macrominerals found in the body
1. Calcium (Ca) 2. Chlorine (Cl) 3. Magnesium (Mg) 4. Phosphorus (P) 5. Potassium (K) 6. Sodium (Na)
57
List the 6 microminerals found in the body
1. Copper (Cu) 2. Iodine (I) 3. Iron (Fe) 4. Manganese (Mn) 5. Selenium (Se) 6. Zinc (Zn)
58
List the 8 trace minerals found in the body
1. Chromium (Cr) 2. Cobalt (Co) 3. Fluorine (F) 4. Molybdenum (Mo) 5. Nickle (Ni) 6. Silicon (Si) 7. Sulfur (S) 8. Vanadium (V)
59
Give the 2 types of cell metabolism
1. Catabolic Metabolism 2. Anabolic Metabolism
60
the process of breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy
Catabolism
61
Where are do 3 stages of catabolism take place?
1. Lumen of GI tract 2. Cytosol of the cell 3. Mitochondria of the cell
62
the process of breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats by using up at least 1 water molecule per each nutrient molecule and is the first stage of catabolism
Hydrolysis
63
Hydrolysis breaks carbohydrates into what?
Monosaccharides
64
Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into what?
Amino acids
65
Hydrolysis breaks down lipids into what?
Fatty acids + glycerol
66
the process in which stored energy is used to assemble new molecules from the small components formed from its partner process
Anabolic Metabolism
67
Anabolic events are considered what?
Biosynthetic processes
68
the process of the routine break down of molecular substances while replacement molecules are manufactured continuously
Metabolic Turnover
69
the process that assembles smaller molecules of nutrients by removing at least 1 water molecule
Dehydration Synthesis
70
Dehydration synthesis assembles monosaccharides into what?
Disaccharides + 1 water molecule
71
Dehydration synthesis assembles fatty acid molecules + glycerol molecules into what?
Lipid molecules + 1 water molecules
72
Dehydration synthesis assembles amino acids into what?
Protein molecules + 1 water molecule
73
Which organ is very active in anabolic metabolism?
Liver
74
Enzymes are named for what 2 things?
1. Substrate it acts on 2. Kind of reaction the enzyme intiates
75
the required energy input needed to initiate a biochemical reaction
Energy of Activation
76
the region of the enzyme molecules that binds to the substrate
Active Site
77
substances that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy
Catalysts
78
Enzymes are considered what with regard to activation energy?
Catalysts
79
The rate of catalyzed reaction is related to what?
The amount of substrate and enzyme present
80
nonprotein substances that complete the shape of a binding site and whose presence is essential for enzymes complete a reaction
Cofactors
81
nonprotein substance that temporarily or permanently bind with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction and cannot function alone
Coenzyme
82
the process by which lipids are broken into smaller fragments that enable them to enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvic acid or directly fed into the Krebs cycle
Lipolysis
83
Which organ has primary control of lipid metabolism?
Liver
84
the process by which fatty acid chains of lipids are broken into multiple 2 carbon fragments
Beta Oxidation
85
What is the net energy yield from beta oxidation?
148 ATP
86
an essential amino acid in cats but nonexistent in plant-based foods and dog food
Taurine
87
What are 2 results of taurine deficiency?
1. Retinal Degeneration 2. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
88
a condition in which the heart enlarges because of dilation of the cardiac chambers and causes the walls of the ventricles to become very thin, therefore decreasing the ability to pump blood
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
89
a compound formed from the breakdown of an animal's own tissue that is either released into the bloodstream or urine
Ketones
90
an abnormal increase of ketones in the bloodstream
Ketonemia
91
an abnormal increase of ketones in the urine
Ketonuria
92
a metabolic state that occurs when the animal's body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose
Ketosis
93
occurs when the animal's body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose due to an insufficient or unpalatable diet
Primary Ketosis
94
occurs when the animal's body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose because the animal stopped eating due to illness
Secondary Ketosis
95
the primary cause of secondary ketosis in cows
Left Abomasum Displacement
96
enzymes whose molecular structure and shape are influenced by changes in temperature
Thermolabile Enzymes
97
a condition caused by damage to a chain of nerves that extends from the chest, up the neck, and into the head and face that results in profound dilation of blood vessels in the muscles and skin on one side of the face
Horner's Syndrome
98
How do you detect uremia?
BUN level (Blood urea nitrogen)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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