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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Nutrients & Metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrients & Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water by 1 degree

A

Kilocalories (Calories)

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2
Q

a substance derived from food that is used by the body to carry out all of its normal functions

A

Nutrient

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3
Q

List the 6 categories of nutrients

A
  1. Water
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Lipids
  4. Proteins
  5. Vitamins
  6. Minerals
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4
Q

Which 3 nutrients produce energy when consumed?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Fats
  3. Proteins
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5
Q

Give the 3 dietary sources of carbohydrates and what type of saccharide they are found in

A
  1. Sugars - mono and disaccharides
  2. Starches - polysaccharides
  3. Cellulose - polysaccharides
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6
Q

Which types of nutrients can and cannot be manufactured?

A

Nonessential Nutrients - CAN be manufactured
Essential Nutrients - can NOT be manufactured and must be obtained from diet

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7
Q

the most vital requirement for survival

A

Oxygen

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8
Q

the 2nd most vital requirement for survival and the most important nutrient

A

Water

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9
Q

Amount of water needed daily by an animal (mL) = what?

A

Amount of water needed daily by an animal (mL) = the amount of its daily energy requirement (Cal)

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10
Q

What % of water loss would cause serious illness in most animals? Death without immediate treatment?

A

10% water loss > serious illness in most animals
15% water loss > fatal without immediate treatment

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11
Q

All dietary carbohydrates come from plants except which 2?

A

Lactose > milk
Glycogen > meat

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12
Q

the fundamental building-block molecule that results from breaking down large molecules of carbohydrates and is used by the cell to make other molecules

A

Glucose

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13
Q

What type of saccharide is glucose?

A

Monosaccharide

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14
Q

the process that uses glucose to make ATP

A

Glycolysis

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15
Q

List the 4 categories of lipids

A
  1. Neutral fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
  4. Other lipoid substances
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16
Q

fats formed by 3 chains of fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

A

Neutral Fats (Triglycerides)

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17
Q

What are the 2 building blocks of neutral fats?

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Glycerol
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18
Q

a neutral fat building block made from linear molecules that are classified as long-chain, medium-chain, or short-chain depending on the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the molecule

A

Fatty Acids

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19
Q

a neutral fat building block that is a modified simple sugar

A

Glycerol

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20
Q

The physical state of triglycerides depends on what 2 things?

A
  1. Length of fatty acid chains
  2. Degree of saturation with hydrogen atoms within the chains
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21
Q

fatty acids with single bonds between the carbon atoms that can accommodate the greatest number of hydrogen atoms

A

Saturated Fatty Acids

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22
Q

fatty acids with one or more double bonds between the carbon atoms and can accommodate fewer hydrogen atoms

A

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of unsaturated fats?

A
  1. Monounsaturated
  2. Polyunsaturated
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24
Q

modified triglycerides derived primarily from the cell membranes of plant and animal cells and contain 2 fatty acid chains, 1 glycerol molecule, and a polar head

A

Phospholipids (Diglycerides)

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25
Q

lipids made from 4 hydrocarbon rings

A

Steroids

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26
Q

Cholesterol, Bile salts, Sex hormones and
Hormones from the adrenal cortex are what type of lipid?

A

Steroids

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27
Q

the essential precursor to all other steroid molecules

A

Cholesterol

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28
Q

regulatory molecules derived from arachidonic acid that include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes which play a role in the inflammatory process, blood clotting, and labor contractions

A

Eicosanoids

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29
Q

Which functional group makes amino acids unique?

A

R group

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30
Q

Proteins are made of at least how many amino acids?

A

50

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31
Q

How many nonessential amino acids are there in most species? How many essential?

A

Nonessential - 12
Essential - 10

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32
Q

the principle that all amino acids, essential and non-essential, must be present in the cell in sufficient quantity and all at the same time or the body cannot make new proteins

A

All or None Rule

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33
Q

protein sources that contain all of the essential amino acids many species need

A

Complete Proteins

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34
Q

What is an example of a complete protein?

A

Meat

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35
Q

the state in which the rate of protein synthesis equals the rate of protein breakdown and loss

A

Nitrogen Balance

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36
Q

the measurement of the amount of nitrogen from protein that is packaged by the liver into molecules before they are excreted by the kidney

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Test

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37
Q

the state in which the body is incorporating more protein into tissues than it is breaking down to make energy (ATP)

A

Positive Balance

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38
Q

Positive balance occurs during what 3 events?

A
  1. Healing
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Growth
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39
Q

the state in which the protein breakdown exceeds the amount of protein being incorporated into tissues

A

Negative Balance

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40
Q

Negative balance occurs during what 3 events?

A
  1. Physical or emotional stress
  2. Starvation
  3. Poor quality of dietary protein
41
Q

Often on pet food containers but gives no indication of the quality (utilization potential) of a protein

A

Crude Protein

42
Q

the percentage of absorbable protein that is available for productive body functions and defines the amount of amino acids available for metabolic processes

A

Biologic Value

43
Q

nutrients whose molecular structure activates an enzyme in order to enable it to carry out its metabolic reactions or have other important roles in the body

A

Vitamins

44
Q

Vitamins must be consumed in the diet except for which 4?

A
  1. Vitamin D
  2. Vitamin K
  3. Vitamin A
  4. Biotin
45
Q

a provitamin essential for many species that can be converted into vitamin A by the animal body

A

Beta Carotene

46
Q

Which type of vitamin is excreted in the urine if there is excess?

A

Water-Soluble Vitamins

47
Q

Which type of vitamin is not excreted in the urine if there is excess?

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

48
Q

Which type of vitamin is toxicity possible?

A

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

49
Q

Which type of vitamin is toxicity rare?

A

Water-Soluble Vitamins

50
Q

inorganic substances essential for life that do no generate energy, but work with other nutrients to ensure that the body functions normally

A

Minerals

51
Q

Give the 3 classifications of minerals

A
  1. Macrominerals
  2. Microminerals
  3. Trace Elements
52
Q

What is the basis for how minerals are classified?

A

Based on how much is required by the body

53
Q

How are macrominerals expressed?

A

Parts per hundred
1 pph = 10 g per kg of food

54
Q

How are microminerals expressed?

A

Parts per million
1 ppm = 1 mg per kg of food

55
Q

one of the most vital microminerals

A

Iron

56
Q

List the 6 macrominerals found in the body

A
  1. Calcium (Ca)
  2. Chlorine (Cl)
  3. Magnesium (Mg)
  4. Phosphorus (P)
  5. Potassium (K)
  6. Sodium (Na)
57
Q

List the 6 microminerals found in the body

A
  1. Copper (Cu)
  2. Iodine (I)
  3. Iron (Fe)
  4. Manganese (Mn)
  5. Selenium (Se)
  6. Zinc (Zn)
58
Q

List the 8 trace minerals found in the body

A
  1. Chromium (Cr)
  2. Cobalt (Co)
  3. Fluorine (F)
  4. Molybdenum (Mo)
  5. Nickle (Ni)
  6. Silicon (Si)
  7. Sulfur (S)
  8. Vanadium (V)
59
Q

Give the 2 types of cell metabolism

A
  1. Catabolic Metabolism
  2. Anabolic Metabolism
60
Q

the process of breaking down nutrients into smaller molecules to produce energy

A

Catabolism

61
Q

Where are do 3 stages of catabolism take place?

A
  1. Lumen of GI tract
  2. Cytosol of the cell
  3. Mitochondria of the cell
62
Q

the process of breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats by using up at least 1 water molecule per each nutrient molecule and is the first stage of catabolism

A

Hydrolysis

63
Q

Hydrolysis breaks carbohydrates into what?

A

Monosaccharides

64
Q

Hydrolysis breaks down proteins into what?

A

Amino acids

65
Q

Hydrolysis breaks down lipids into what?

A

Fatty acids + glycerol

66
Q

the process in which stored energy is used to assemble new molecules from the small components formed from its partner process

A

Anabolic Metabolism

67
Q

Anabolic events are considered what?

A

Biosynthetic processes

68
Q

the process of the routine break down of molecular substances while replacement molecules are manufactured continuously

A

Metabolic Turnover

69
Q

the process that assembles smaller molecules of nutrients by removing at least 1 water molecule

A

Dehydration Synthesis

70
Q

Dehydration synthesis assembles monosaccharides into what?

A

Disaccharides + 1 water molecule

71
Q

Dehydration synthesis assembles fatty acid molecules + glycerol molecules into what?

A

Lipid molecules + 1 water molecules

72
Q

Dehydration synthesis assembles amino acids into what?

A

Protein molecules + 1 water molecule

73
Q

Which organ is very active in anabolic metabolism?

A

Liver

74
Q

Enzymes are named for what 2 things?

A
  1. Substrate it acts on
  2. Kind of reaction the enzyme intiates
75
Q

the required energy input needed to initiate a biochemical reaction

A

Energy of Activation

76
Q

the region of the enzyme molecules that binds to the substrate

A

Active Site

77
Q

substances that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

A

Catalysts

78
Q

Enzymes are considered what with regard to activation energy?

A

Catalysts

79
Q

The rate of catalyzed reaction is related to what?

A

The amount of substrate and enzyme present

80
Q

nonprotein substances that complete the shape of a binding site and whose presence is essential for enzymes complete a reaction

A

Cofactors

81
Q

nonprotein substance that temporarily or permanently bind with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction and cannot function alone

A

Coenzyme

82
Q

the process by which lipids are broken into smaller fragments that enable them to enter the glycolytic pathway to form pyruvic acid or directly fed into the Krebs cycle

A

Lipolysis

83
Q

Which organ has primary control of lipid metabolism?

A

Liver

84
Q

the process by which fatty acid chains of lipids are broken into multiple 2 carbon fragments

A

Beta Oxidation

85
Q

What is the net energy yield from beta oxidation?

A

148 ATP

86
Q

an essential amino acid in cats but nonexistent in plant-based foods and dog food

A

Taurine

87
Q

What are 2 results of taurine deficiency?

A
  1. Retinal Degeneration
  2. Dilated Cardiomyopathy
88
Q

a condition in which the heart enlarges because of dilation of the cardiac chambers and causes the walls of the ventricles to become very thin, therefore decreasing the ability to pump blood

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

89
Q

a compound formed from the breakdown of an animal’s own tissue that is either released into the bloodstream or urine

A

Ketones

90
Q

an abnormal increase of ketones in the bloodstream

A

Ketonemia

91
Q

an abnormal increase of ketones in the urine

A

Ketonuria

92
Q

a metabolic state that occurs when the animal’s body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose

A

Ketosis

93
Q

occurs when the animal’s body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose due to an insufficient or unpalatable diet

A

Primary Ketosis

94
Q

occurs when the animal’s body breaks down its own tissue for energy instead of glucose because the animal stopped eating due to illness

A

Secondary Ketosis

95
Q

the primary cause of secondary ketosis in cows

A

Left Abomasum Displacement

96
Q

enzymes whose molecular structure and shape are influenced by changes in temperature

A

Thermolabile Enzymes

97
Q

a condition caused by damage to a chain of nerves that extends from the chest, up the neck, and into the head and face that results in profound dilation of blood vessels in the muscles and skin on one side of the face

A

Horner’s Syndrome

98
Q

How do you detect uremia?

A

BUN level (Blood urea nitrogen)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (12 decks)

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