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PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient > The special senses > Flashcards

The special senses Flashcards

1
Q

What are the special senses and what systems cover it?

A
  • Sight (Visual system)
  • Hearing (Auditory system)
  • Taste (Gustatory system)
  • Smell (Olfactory system)
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2
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • Eyebrows
  • Eyelids or palpebrae
  • Blink
  • Eyelashes
  • Conjunctiva
  • transparent mucous membrane
  • Lacrimal apparatus
  • Lacrimal gland: Responsible for tears (PNS)
  • mucus, antibodies and lysozyme
  • nasolacrimal duct  nasal cavity
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
  • Movement
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3
Q

What is sight?

A

vision is the dominant sense in humans

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4
Q

Anatomy of the eye: three tissue layers of the eye wall, fibrous layer (OUTER)

A
  • Fibrous Layer (Outer)
  • Sclera: white of the eye
  • Cornea: front of the eye (transparent)
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5
Q

Anatomy of the eye: three tissue layers of the eye wall, vascular layer (middle)

A

Vascular layer
* Choroid
* Dark: melanin containing cells
* Absorbs light
* Ciliary body
* Cilliary muscles
* Change thickness of Lens
* Iris
* Coloured part of eye
* Highly vascularised
* Pupil size controlled by muscles of the iris
* Light passes through pupil

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6
Q

Anatomy of the eye: three tissues of the eye wall, nervous tissue layer (inner most)

A

Nervous tissue layer (inner most)
* Retina
* Outer Pigmented retina
* Prevents light reflection
* Inner sensory retina

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7
Q

What are the two chambers of the eye in anterior segment?

A
  • Anterior chamber
  • chamber between cornea and iris
  • Posterior chamber
  • chamber between iris and lens
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8
Q

What is the aqueous humour? what does it do?

A

Aqueous humor: Fills Anterior Segment
* Watery liquid, replaced continuously
* Filtered through ciliary body and returned to blood via venous
synus
* Nutrients
* Refracts light
* Maintains pressure

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9
Q

What is found in the posterior segment of the eye?

A
  • Vitreous chamber
  • Vitreous humor: in posterior segment
  • Jellylike
  • Maintains pressure and refracts
  • Forms in embryo and doesn’t circulate
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10
Q

How is vision possible?

A
  • The iris allows light into the eye
  • Focused by the cornea, lens, and humors onto the retina
  • The light striking the retina produces action potentials that
    are relayed to the brain via optic nerve
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11
Q

What are the two layers of the retina?

A

*outermost pigmented layer
*inner most pigmented layer

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12
Q

What is the outermost pigmented layer for?

A
  • Melanocytes (prevent light scattering), contains
    melanin
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13
Q

What is the innermost pigmented layer for?

A
  • Three main type of neurons:
  • Photoreceptors
  • Rods
  • Cones
  • Bipolor cells
  • Ganglion cells
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14
Q

What are the regions of the posterior retina?

A

*macula
*optic disc

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15
Q

What does the macula do?

A
  • Macula (5.5mm)
  • High-resolution, color vision (lots of rods and cones)
  • Within this is the fovea (1.5mm)
  • Where light is most focused when the eye is looking directly at an object
  • Highest density of cones
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16
Q

What does the optic disc do?

A
  • Optic disc
  • Blood vessels enter the eye
  • Axons from the retina meet, pass through the layers and exit the eye as the optic nerve
  • No photoreceptors
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17
Q

Describe the passage of light through the eye

A
  • Light passes through components of anterior cavity and is
    focused by lens and passes through vitreous humor
  • Past/between axons, ganglion cells and bipolar cells, to
    photoreceptors next to pigmented layer
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18
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

*rod cells
*cone cells

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19
Q

What is the direction of the neuronal signal/ how it works?

A

Photoreceptor cells synapse with bipolar cells, which synapse with
ganglion cells : ganglion cell axons run on internal surface and converge at posterior of eye to form optic nerve which exits eye

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20
Q

What are the features of rod cells?

A
  • More sensitive to light - vision permitted in dim light
    but only gray and fuzzy
  • Only black and white and not sharp
  • Rhodopsin (opsin & retinal)
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21
Q

What are the features of cone cells?

A
  • High acuity NEED bright light
  • Colour vision
  • 3 sub-types:
  • blue, red and green light cones
  • found in macula lutea,
  • operate in bright light, colour vision
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22
Q

Describe the passage of the neural pathway (summarise it brief)

A
  • Optic nerve leaves eye
    enters brain at optic
    chiasm
  • Some fibres cross to other
    side of brain
  • → then visual cortex in
    occipital lobe
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22
Q

What is the process of phototransduction?

A
  • Retina takes light energy and
    converts it to electrical energy (
    in photoreceptors)
  • Rods operate in dim light,
    numerous at periphery of
    retina, fuzzy images
  • Rhodopsin (1) = protein opsin
    loosely bound to pigment called
    retinal
  • Light= retinal changes shape
    splits into opsin and retinal.
  • Change in rhodopsin stimulates
    the rods, resulting in vision
  • Generates a receptor potential
    → action potential in the
    attached neurone.
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23
Q

Auditory system: ear =, what are the parts of the ear?

A

*outer (external) ear
*middle ear (ossicles) for hearing
*inner ear (labyrinth)

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24
Q

What does the external ear contain?

A
  • Pinna
  • External auditory canal
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25
Q

What does the middle ear contain?

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Malleus (hammer)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup)
26
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A
  • Mechanoreceptor for hearing and balance
  • Vestibular apparatus
  • Semicircular canals
  • Cochlea
  • Organ of Corti
27
Q

What do the external and middle ear do?

A

External and middle: conduct sound
waves toward the inner ear - hearing
only,

28
Q

What does the inner ear do?

A
  • Inner ear: both hearing and balance
29
Q

List what the middl ear is composed of+ features

A
  • Air filled
  • Oval and round window connect to inner
    ear
  • TM causes ossicles in air filled middle ear
    to move:
  • Malleus (hammer) (attached to TM)
  • Incus (anvil)
  • Stapes (stirrup) (touches oval window)
  • Ossicles form a lever system
  • Amplifies and transmits the vibratory motion
    of the TM to fluids of inner ear cochlea via
    oval window
  • Auditory canal open to pharynx
30
Q

What are the features/ structures of the inner ear?

A

3 bony chambers
* Cochlea - hearing
* Vestibule - equilibrium
* Semicircular canals – equilibrium
* Filled with liquid called perilymph
and endolymph fluids

31
Q

What is the cochlea apart of?

A

inner ear

32
Q

What does the cochlea contain?

A
  • 2 canals
  • extends from the oval
    window to the apex of the
    cochlea.
  • from the apex back to the
    round window
  • Lined on bottom channel by
    Basilar membrane
33
Q

What does the middle: cochlear canal contain?

A
  • Middle: cochlear canal -
    contains Organ of Corti
  • Specialised sensory hair cells :
    stereocilia
  • Seated on basilar membrane
  • Reach to tectorial membrane
  • Base of Hair cells attached to
    neuron
    *basal membrane moves/vibrates when sound waves in perilymph move over it
34
Q

Where is the organ of corti? + what does it contain?

A

Organ of Corti contains hair cells –
move due to pressure waves
* Hair cells sit on BM between BM and
TM

35
Q

What is the process of sound waves?

A

*Basilar membrane moves
*tectorial membrane rigid
*causes stereocillia to bend
*causes receptor to depolarise (mechanoreceptor)
*neurotransmission in connected neurone through cochlear nerve

36
Q

Summarise sound transmission through the ear

A
  1. Sound waves vibrate tympanic
    membrane
  2. Auditory aussicles vibrate. Amplification
  3. Stapes connected to oval window,
    sends vibrations into cochlea
  4. Pressure wave pushes on basilar
    membrane of cochlea duct. Energy waves
    dissipate at round window
  5. Hair cells bend, transmission of signal
  6. Neurotransmitter release activates sensory
    neurones, action potentials to brain
37
Q

What makes up the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

*cochlear nerve
*vestibular nerve

38
Q

What does the cochlear and vestibular nerve do?

A

cochlear nerve - portion involved in hearing
sends axons to the regions including auditory cortex in temporal lobe

vestibular nerve - is involved in balance

39
Q

What are the semi circular canals for/ what do they do?

A

*dynamic equilibrium, rotational acceleration in 3 planes
3 canals : right angles

40
Q

What is the base:ampula made up of + location?

A

*hair cells embedded in jelly cupula
*floats in endolymph

41
Q

What is the movement like for the semi circular canals and their components?

A

*endolymph tends to move in opposite direction
*cupula and steroclia on hair cells bend
*leads to action potential
*vestibulocochlear nerve to cerebellum

42
Q

What are taste buds?

A

sensory structures that detect taste stimuli

43
Q

How do receptor cells work on the tongue?

A
  • Receptor cells - sensitive to the chemicals
    contained within foods
  • release neurotransmitters based on the amount of the chemical
    in the food
44
Q

Where are tastebuds located?

A

*taste buds on the tongue are located on papillae
*enlargement on tongue
*taste buds also on the palate (roof of mouth)
and the epiglottis

45
Q

What are the four types of papillae?

A

*filliform papillae (no tastebuds, tip and side)
*fungiform papillae (small, on entire surface of tongue most front)
*circumvallate papillae (inverted V near back of tongue)
*foliate papillae (edge of tongue)

46
Q

Describe the structure of taste buds

A
  • Taste buds are made up of many
    epithelial cells each
  • Taste receptor cells (gustatory
    cells), supporting cells and basal
    cells
  • Each gustatory cell has gustatory
    hairs that extend through taste
    pore, bathed in saliva
  • Dissolved molecules bind &
    induce receptor cells to generate
    impulses in sensory nerve fibers
47
Q

What type of receptors detect taste?

A

*chemoreceptors

48
Q

What are the types of taste and what ion/molecules cause them?

A

ION CHANNELS
*sour (H+)
*salty (Na+)
GPCRs
*bitter (alkaloids)
*sweet (glucose)
*umami - savoury (MSG), (L-glutamate)

49
Q

What happens when gustatory cells are activated?

A

*they release neurotransmitters onto the dendrites of sensory neurones. AP transferred to CNS

50
Q

What is olfaction?

A

*response to odorant’s that enter the nasal cavity

51
Q

What receptors are present in olfactory epithelium?

A
  • Olfactory epithelium (2-4 cm2) in roof of nasal cavity
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • Has millions of bipolar neurons = olfactory receptor
    cells
52
Q

What do bones in the nose do?

A

*impede air (swirling)
*present air to nasal epithelium

53
Q

What is the olfactory bulb + do?

A

*extension of the forebrain
*receives input form the primary olfactory neurones

54
Q

What cells are present in the olfactory epithelium?

A

*supporting cells (secrete mucus)
*basal cells
*olfactory sensory neurones
*(surface of olfactory epithelium) = knobby terminals/ dendrites

55
Q

What are the olfactory sensory neurones like structure wise + do?

A
  • Bipolar neurons
  • Single dendrite - extends to the surface
    of olfactory epithelium
  • axon that extends up to the olfactory
    bulb
56
Q

Where are the knobby terminals on the surface of the olfactory epithelium?

A
  • embedded in a layer of mucus
57
Q

What does the mucus do for the knobby terminals?

A
  • Mucus: keep epithelium moist, traps and
    dissolves airbourne molecules, facilitates
    removal of particles
58
Q

How does olfaction work in the nasal epithelium?

A

*mucus captures and dissolves odour molecules
*molecules bind to olfactory receptors (OR), bipolar neurones
*receptor cells activated, AP generated (each receptor cell has an axon)
*AP travels along axon: olfactory nerve enters olfactory bulb

59
Q

Where is the olfactory bulb located?

A
  • Olfactory bulb is in the forebrain
  • In bulb nerves synapse with mitral cells (at
    “glomeruli”)
60
Q

What do mitral cells do + where?

A
  • Mitral cells send signals via olfactory tract
  • Via interneurons to olfactory cortex
  • Temporal lobe
61
Q

Give a summary for olfaction

A
  • Odors must be dissolved in mucus
  • Olfaction Receptor cells are bipolar
    neurons
  • These cells synapse on mitral cells
    in glomeruli
  • Message carried to olfactory centre
    / cortex in temporal lobe
62
Q

Give a summary for taste

A

Taste buds are located on papillae
* There are different types of
papillae
* They are located in different parts
of the tongue
* They have receptors MORE
sensitive to different types of taste
* The gustatory cortex is in the insula
region of the cortex

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient (25 decks)

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