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PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient > CVS - blood vessels and heart > Flashcards

CVS - blood vessels and heart Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of circulation?

A

Pulmonary Circulation:
Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
Systemic Circulation:
Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Coronary Circulation:
Supplies blood to the heart muscle itself

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2
Q

How does the systematic and pulmonary circulation work in arteries?(oxygenation, carry blood away from heart)

A

Systemic Circulation: Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body tissues.
Pulmonary Circulation: Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

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3
Q

How does the systematic and pulmonary circulation work in veins? (oxygenation + carry blood towards the heart)

A

Systemic Circulation: Carry deoxygenated blood from the body tissues to the heart.
Pulmonary Circulation: Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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4
Q

What is the structure + functions of structures in arteries?

A

Tunica Interna (Intima):
Structure: A flat, smooth layer of squamous endothelium.
Function: Ensures smooth blood flow.
Tunica Media:
Structure: Thick layer composed of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
Function: Allows contraction and elasticity to handle high pressure and maintain blood flow.
Tunica Externa (Adventitia):
Structure: Thick layer with elastic tissues.
Function: Provides structural support and flexibility to withstand pressure

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5
Q

What are the structures in the veins + their functions?

A

Tunica Interna (Intima):
Structure: Endothelial layer without elastic adventitia.
Function: Provides a smooth surface for blood flow.
Tunica Media:
Structure: Thinner layer of smooth muscle compared to arteries.
Function: Provides some contractile ability but less than arteries.
Tunica Externa (Adventitia):
Structure: Contains smooth muscle and elastic fibers but is less robust than in arteries.
Function: Provides structural support and some elasticity.
Valves:
Presence: Valves are present in veins.
Function: Prevent backflow and ensure directed flow towards the heart, especially in the limbs

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6
Q

What is the length, weight and heartbeat rate of the heart?

A

Length: Approximately 14 cm (about the size of a fist).
Width: Approximately 9 cm

weight: 300-500g
HBR: 70-100 bpm
vol of blood pumped: 9000L of blood each day

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7
Q

What are the chambers of the heart?

A

*right atrium
*right ventricle
*left atrium
*left ventricle

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8
Q

What does the right atrium do?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava

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9
Q

What does the right ventricle do?

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary valve

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10
Q

What does the left atrium do?

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins

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11
Q

What does the left ventricle do?

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta via the aortic (semi-lunar) valve.

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12
Q

What are the valves of the heart?

A

Tricuspid Valve:
Located between the right atrium and right ventricle.
Prevents backflow of blood into the right atrium.
Pulmonary Valve:
Located between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery.
Prevents backflow of blood into the right ventricle.
Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve:
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
Prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.
Aortic (Semi-lunar) Valve:
Located between the left ventricle and aorta.
Prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle.

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13
Q

What are the major blood vessels of the heart?

A

*aorta
*pulmonary artery
*pulmonary veins
*vena cava (superior and inferior)

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14
Q

What is the difference between inferior and superior vena cava?

A

Superior Vena Cava: Brings deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium.
Inferior Vena Cava: Brings deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium.

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15
Q

What are other structural components of the heart?

A

Septum: The wall that divides the right and left sides of the heart.
Chordae Tendineae: Tendinous cords that anchor the valves to the papillary muscles, preventing valve inversion.
Papillary Muscles: Muscles located in the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendineae.
Myocardium: The cardiac muscle responsible for the heart’s contractions.
Pericardium: A fibrous layer that provides elasticity and protection. It contains the pericardial cavity filled with fluid to act as a shock absorber.
Endocardium: The inner lining of the heart chambers

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16
Q

Where does the aorta carry blood to/from?

A

The largest artery in the body, carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

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17
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery carry blood to/from?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs for oxygenation.

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18
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein carry blood to/from?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

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19
Q

List blood flow through the heart

A

left atrium → left ventricle → right atrium → right ventricle

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20
Q

What two components make up the cardiac cycle?

A

*atrial kick
*cardiac twist (ventricular systole)

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21
Q

Describe the atrial kick

A

Description: The atria contract, sending blood into the ventricles. This phase ensures the ventricles are fully loaded with blood before they contract.
Associated Sound: The contraction of the atria typically doesn’t produce a distinct heart sound but contributes to the first heart sound (“Lubb”).

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22
Q

Describe the ventricular systole/ twist

A

Description: The ventricles contract, pumping blood out of the heart. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle sends blood to the body.
Associated Sounds:
“Lubb”: The first heart sound (S1), caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of ventricular contraction (systole).
“Dubb”: The second heart sound (S2), caused by the closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves at the end of ventricular contraction (diastole).

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23
Q

What factors affect blood flow in arteries?

A

Cardiac Output: The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute.
Pressure Gradient: Blood flows from areas of high pressure to low pressure.
Gravitational Pull: Affects blood flow, especially in upright positions.
Length and Diameter of Artery: Longer and narrower arteries have more resistance.
Blood Viscosity: Thicker blood flows more slowly

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24
Q

What are the major arteries?

A

Aorta: The main artery carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.
Carotid Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the brain.
Brachial Artery: Supplies blood to the arms.
Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs (exception in oxygenation).
Hepatic Artery: Supplies oxygenated blood to the liver.
Mesenteric Artery: Supplies blood to the intestines.
Renal Artery: Supplies blood to the kidneys.
Femoral Artery: Supplies blood to the legs

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25
Q

What are the major veins?

A

Vena Cava (Superior and Inferior): Main veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium.
Jugular Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the brain.
Cephalic Vein: Drains blood from the arms.
Pulmonary Vein: Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (exception in oxygenation).
Hepatic Vein: Drains deoxygenated blood from the liver.
Hepatic Portal Vein: Carries nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver for processing.
Renal Veins: Drain deoxygenated blood from the kidneys.
Femoral Vein: Drains blood from the legs

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26
Q

What is the venous return?

A

Venous return is the process by which blood flows back to the heart, specifically to the right atrium

27
Q

What are the mechanisms for venous return?

A

*calf/skeletal muscle pump
*pulsatile arteries adjacent to veins
*respiratory thoracic pump

28
Q

What are the three pathways of venous return (calf/skeletal muscle pump)?

A

*deep veins
*superficial veins
*venous valves

29
Q

What is a function, location and example of the deep vein pathway?

A

Location: Situated deep within the muscles.
Function: Main conduits for returning blood from the lower extremities to the heart.
Example: The femoral vein runs alongside the femoral artery and is assisted by muscle contractions during activities like walking and running

30
Q

What is location, function and example of the superficial vein pathway?

A

Location: Located closer to the surface of the skin.
Function: Drain blood from the superficial tissues and skin.
Communication with Deep Veins: Connect to deep veins via perforating veins, allowing blood to flow from the superficial to the deep system.

31
Q

What is location, function and example of the venous valves?

A

Location: Found within the veins, particularly in the limbs.
Function: Prevent the backflow of blood, ensuring it moves towards the heart.
Importance: Essential for maintaining unidirectional flow, especially against gravity in the upright position

32
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

Two tiny arteries leaving out the aorta
Profuse blood to myocardium
Handles high pressure (irrespective of heart contraction or relaxation)

33
Q

What does blockage of the coronary circulation lead to?

A

Blockage leads to the major cardiac problem- Heart Attack
Coronary thrombosis- Myocardial Infarction (MI)

34
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

*continous
*fenestrated
*sinusoids

35
Q

what is the structure and function of the continuous capillaries?

A

Endothelial Cells: Tight junctions with intercellular clefts that allow the passage of small molecules.
Basement Membrane: Continuous and unbroken
Restrict the exchange of larger molecules and pathogens while allowing the passage of water, ions, and small solutes.
Maintain a highly selective barrier, particularly in the BBB.

36
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found?

A

Smooth and Skeletal Muscles: Provide controlled exchange of substances.
Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB): Very tight junctions that restrict the passage of toxins and large molecules

37
Q

What is the structure and functions of the fenestrated capillaries?

A

Endothelial Cells: Have pores (fenestrae) ranging from 70-100 nm in diameter.
Basement Membrane: Continuous but with increased permeability due to fenestrae
Permit a higher rate of exchange of larger molecules such as peptides and small proteins.
Essential for filtration and absorption processes.

38
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Intestinal Villi: Facilitate the absorption of nutrients.
Kidney Glomeruli: Enable the filtration of blood to form urine.
Endocrine Glands: Allow the rapid exchange of hormones and other large biomolecules

39
Q

What is the structure and functions of the sinusoids capillaries?

A

Endothelial Cells: Large gaps between cells and an incomplete basement membrane.
Lumen: Irregular and larger compared to other capillaries
Allow the passage of large molecules and cells between blood and surrounding tissues.
Support the perfusion of huge molecules, blood cells, and metabolic waste products

40
Q

Where are sinusoids capillaries found?

A

Red Bone Marrow: Allows the passage of newly formed blood cells.
Liver: Facilitates the exchange of large proteins, blood cells, and waste products.
Spleen: Permits the movement of old and damaged red blood cells for filtration

41
Q

What are the three blood flow regulations?

A

*pre-capillary sphincters
*vasomotion
*vasoconstriction and vasodilation

42
Q

What is the function and mechanism of pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Function: Regulate blood flow into the capillary beds.
Mechanism: Contraction and relaxation of these sphincters control the entry of blood into capillaries based on the tissue’s metabolic needs

43
Q

What is the definition and purpose of vasomotion?

A

Definition: The rhythmic contraction and relaxation of pre-capillary sphincters and smooth muscle.
Purpose: Adjusts blood flow to match the metabolic demands of tissues, such as during exercise.

44
Q

What is vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction: Reduces blood flow to capillaries.
Vasodilation: Increases blood flow to capillaries.

45
Q

What are the 3 regulation factors?

A

*metabolic demand
*hormonal regulation
*temperature regulation

46
Q

What are some capillary functions?

A

Exchange of Gases and Nutrients:
Oxygen and Nutrients: Delivered from the blood to the tissues.
Waste Products: Removed from tissues and carried away in the blood.
Fluid Exchange:
Hydrostatic and Osmotic Pressures: Govern the movement of fluids across capillary walls, balancing fluid exchange between blood and tissues.

47
Q

capillary perfusion: hydrostatic pressure

A

Arterioles: High hydrostatic pressure (~30 mmHg) pushes water and small solutes out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
Venules: Lower hydrostatic pressure (~10 mmHg) reduces the outward push of fluid

48
Q

capillary perfusion: starling forces

A

Balance of Forces: The net movement of fluid is determined by the balance between hydrostatic pressure pushing fluid out and oncotic pressure pulling fluid in.
Arterial End: High hydrostatic pressure and low oncotic pressure favour the movement of fluid out of the capillaries.
Venous End: Low hydrostatic pressure and high oncotic pressure favour the movement of fluid into the capillaries

49
Q

How does fluid and solute exchange happen at arterial end of capillaries (perfusion)?

A

High Hydrostatic Pressure: Pushes water, oxygen, nutrients, electrolytes, and hormones out of the capillaries into the interstitial fluid.
Low Oncotic Pressure: Less effective at pulling fluid back in, leading to net fluid loss into the tissues

50
Q

How does fluid and solute exchange happen at venous end of capillaries (perfusion)?

A

Low Hydrostatic Pressure: Reduces the outward push of fluid.
High Oncotic Pressure: Plasma proteins pull water and metabolic waste products, CO2, and other solutes back into the capillaries

51
Q

How does fluid and solute exchange happen at mid-capillary region?

A

Balance of Forces: The pressures are balanced, resulting in a minimal net movement of fluid

52
Q

What are the key factors to auto regulation leading to vasoconstriction?

A

*High oxygen levels
*endothelial cell response
*platelets and prostaglandins

53
Q

What do high 02 levels indicate in autoregulation?

A

High O2 levels indicate sufficient oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to vasoconstriction to reduce blood flow

54
Q

Describe the endothelial cell response for autoregulation

A

*stimulus = high O2 levels
IT RELEASES PEPTIDES (ENDOTHELIN)
*function: endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor
*effect: causes contraction of pre capillary sphincters, reducing blood flow to capillary beds

55
Q

What do platelets and prostaglandis do?

A

prostaglandis can promote vasoconstriction which reduces the diameter of blood vessels = limiting blood flow

56
Q

What are the key factors of auto regulation leading to vasodilation?

A

*low O2 levels
*high levels of metabolites
*endothelial cell response
platelets and prostaglandis

57
Q

Why are low O2 levels required for vasodilation?

A

Low O2 levels indicate a need for increased oxygen delivery to tissues, leading to vasodilation to increase blood flow

58
Q

What types of metabolites are required for vasodilation?

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2): High CO2 levels cause vasodilation to remove excess CO2.
Potassium (K+) and Hydrogen Ions (H+): Indicate high metabolic activity and acidic pH, causing vasodilation.
Lactic Acid: Accumulation from anaerobic metabolism causes vasodilation.
Histamine: Causes vasodilation to increase blood flow to inflamed tissues.
Body Temperature: Causes vasodilation to dissipate heat.

59
Q

What are the stimulus for the endothelial cell response for vasodilation and what does it do?

A

Stimuli: Low O2, high CO2, H+, K+, lactic acid, histamine.
Release of Nitric Oxide (NO): Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator that causes relaxation of precapillary sphincters, increasing blood flow to the capillary beds.

60
Q

What does prostaglandis do for vasodilation?

A

Certain types can promote vasodilation, increase the diameter of blood vessels, enhancing blood flow.

61
Q

What is the mechanism for vasodilation?

A

Low oxygen levels and high levels of metabolites (CO2, H+, K+, lactic acid) stimulate endothelial cells to release nitric oxide, which relaxes smooth muscle cells in the precapillary sphincters, causing vasodilation. Histamine released during inflammation, along with platelets and certain prostaglandins, also promotes vasodilation. High body temperature induces vasodilation to help dissipate heat. As a result, blood flow to the capillary bed is increased.

62
Q

What is the myogenic response for vasodilation?

A

The myogenic response involves the stretching of smooth muscle in the walls of arterioles in response to changes in blood flow. When blood flow is high, the arterioles stretch, prompting the smooth muscle to contract, reducing blood flow. Conversely, when blood flow is low, the arterioles constrict, increasing blood flow. This localised protective mechanism maintains consistent blood flow, preventing ischemia (hypoxia) and excessive perfusion

63
Q

What is the mechanism for vasoconstriction?

A

High oxygen levels stimulate endothelial cells to release endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor. Endothelin acts on smooth muscle cells in the precapillary sphincters, causing them to contract. Additionally, platelets and certain prostaglandins can contribute to vasoconstriction. The combined effect of these factors results in reduced blood flow to the capillary bed

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient (20 decks)

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