Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient > Endocrine - Pituitary Hormone-1 > Flashcards

Endocrine - Pituitary Hormone-1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structural difference between the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis?

A
  • Adenohypophysis: Consists of glandular tissue.
  • Neurohypophysis: Consists of neural tissue and pituicytes (glial cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis?

A
  • Adenohypophysis: Produces and secretes hormones in response to
    hypothalamic signals.
  • Neurohypophysis: Stores and releases hormones produced by the
    hypothalamus.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the regulation of the adenopophysis nd neurohypophysis?

A
  • Adenohypophysis: Regulated by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting
    hormones via the hypophyseal portal system (Hypothalamus-pituitary axis).
  • Neurohypophysis: Directly controlled by nerve signals from the
    hypothalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the hormones released from the anterior pituitary?

A

*somatotropin
*prolactin
*corticotropin
*thyrotropin
*gonadotropin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the hormones released by the posterior pituitary?

A

*oxytocin
*ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the local effects of pituitary tumour?

A

*headaches
*visual disturbances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do pituitary tumours do?

A

*can over produce or under produce hormones
*slowly grow over time
*mostly benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in terms of GH?

A
  • Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH): Stimulates the
    secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary.
  • Somatostatin (SS): Inhibits the secretion of GH from the anterior pituitary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the anterior pituitary do in terms of GH?

A
  • In response to GHRH, acidophilic cells in the anterior pituitary secrete GH.
  • GH is then released into the bloodstream in a pulsatile manner.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the liver do to feedback from the anterior in terms of GH?

A

Liver: GH stimulates the liver to produce Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1),
which has growth-promoting effects on almost every cell in the body,
especially bone and muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the positive regulation of the GH?

A

GHRH: Released from the hypothalamus, stimulates GH secretion from the
anterior pituitary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the negative regulation of the GH?

A
  • Somatostatin (SS): Released from the hypothalamus, inhibits GH secretion.
  • IGF-1: Produced in response to GH, provides negative feedback to both the
    hypothalamus and the pituitary gland to decrease GH production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the direct effects on metabolism from GH?

A

*increase blood glucose
*increase gluconeogensis (liver)
*increase protein synthesis (muscle)
*decrease glucose uptake in muscle
*increases lipolysis (adipose)
*decrease glucose uptake in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the indirect growth effect from GH?

A

increase hypertrophy (cell size)
*increase protein synthesis
*increase hyperplasia (cell number, cell division)
*increases linear skeletal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe how sleep affects GH release

A

GH release peaks during deep sleep stages (slow-wave sleep).
*Sleep quality and duration significantly influence GH secretion.
*Poor sleep quality or disorders can impair GH release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe how exercise affects GH release?

A

High-intensity and longer-duration exercises stimulate substantial GH release.
*Both resistance and aerobic exercises can increase GH levels, with resistance training
typically having a more pronounced effect.
*GH levels peak shortly after exercise and gradually return to baseline.
*Regular training can enhance the GH response to exercise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the different types of GH deficiency?

A

*congenial deficiency
*acquired deficiency
*idiopathic deficiency

18
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of congenital GH deficiency?

A

*Causes: Genetic mutations or structural issues in the baby’s brain that affect the
development or function of the pituitary gland.
*Symptoms: Poor growth and short stature from birth, delayed puberty, and, in some
cases, hypoglycaemia in infants

19
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of acquired GH deficiency?

A

Causes: Damage to the pituitary gland or hypothalamus due to injury, infection, tumour,
surgery, or radiation therapy.
*Symptoms: Stunted growth if occurring in children, reduced muscle mass, increased fat
mass, decreased energy levels, and poor quality of life in adults

20
Q

What are the causes and symptoms of idiopathic GH deficiency?

A

*Causes: Unknown cause; no identifiable genetic, structural, or acquired reasons.
*Symptoms: Similar to congenital and acquired GH deficiency, including short stature,
delayed growth, and other metabolic issues

21
Q

What are the treatment options of GH deficiency?

A

*GH replacement therapy
*monitoring and support

22
Q

What are some side effects to gigantism/ acromegaly?

A
  • coarsening of facial features
  • enlarged hands and feet (arthritis)
  • headaches, vision disturbance
  • sleep apnoea, general tiredness
  • hypertension, cardiomegaly
  • glucose intolerance (diabetes)
  • irregular or loss of periods (females); impotence
    (males)
  • bowel polyps
23
Q

What are the treatment options for excess GH disorders?

A

*reduce GH levels/block GH action
*surgical removal of the tumour (transsphenoidal surgery) or (stereotactic radio surgery/gama knife)
*radiotherapy

24
Q

What are the functions and effects of thyroxine (T4)?

A
  • Function: Serves as a prohormone and is converted into T3 in peripheral tissues
    *Effects: Influences metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.
    It also plays a role in growth and development
25
Q

What is the structure and regulation of thyroxine?

A
  • Structure: Contains four iodine atoms *Regulation: Controlled by Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) from
    the anterior pituitary
26
Q

What are the structure and function of Tri-iodothyronnie (T3)?

A
  • Structure: Contains three iodine atoms.
  • Function: The active form of thyroid hormone, much more potent
    than T4
27
Q

What is the conversion and effects of T3?

A
  • Conversion: Produced both directly by the thyroid gland and from
    the conversion of T4 in the liver and other tissues.
  • Effects: Regulates metabolic rate, enhances oxygen consumption,
    stimulates protein synthesis, and influences neural development
28
Q

What is the source, function and regulation of calcitonin?

A
  • Source: Produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid
    gland.
  • Function: Lowers blood calcium levels.
  • Regulation: Secretion is stimulated by high blood calcium levels
29
Q

What is the source, function and regulation of the parathyroid hormone?

A
  • Source: Produced by the parathyroid glands, which are small glands
    located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
  • Function: Raises blood calcium levels.
  • Regulation: Secretion is stimulated by low blood calcium levels.
30
Q

What are the functions of T3?

A

*basal metabolic rate (BMR)
= sugar, fat and protein metabolism
*growth and development
=CNS development
*synergistic effect with SNS
=adrenergic receptors
= physiological effects

31
Q

What are the causes of thyroid hormone disease?

A
  • Iodine Deficiency: The most common cause worldwide.
  • Graves’ Disease: Causes diffuse enlargement of the thyroid.
  • Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Can lead to thyroid enlargement.
  • Thyroid Nodules: Growth of lumps (cancerous) within the thyroid.
32
Q

What are the symptoms to thyroid disease?

A

*visible swelling in the neck
*difficulty swallowing or breathing (if large)

33
Q

What are the causes of hypothyroidism?

A
  • Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: An autoimmune disorder where the immune
    system attacks the thyroid gland.
  • Iodine Deficiency: Lack of iodine in the diet, necessary for thyroid hormone
    production.
  • Surgical Removal: Partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland.
  • Radiation Therapy: Damage to the thyroid from radiation treatments.
  • Medications: Certain medications can affect thyroid function
34
Q

What are the symptoms to hypothyroidism?

A

BMR - decrease in body core temp
- decrease in sweating
-decrease in thermal discomfort
- weight gain
- constipation
CNS
- depression, confusion, poor memory and concentration
-growth deficiency
-dry skin, hoarse voice, menstrual issues
CVS - decrease in HR, MAP

35
Q

What is the treatment to hypothyroidism?

A
  • Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: Synthetic thyroxine (T4) is
    administered to restore normal hormone levels
36
Q

What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

*grave’s disease
*thyroid nodules
*thyroiditis
*excessive iodine intake
*pituitary adenomas

37
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

BMR - increased body temp
increased sweating
increased heat intolerance
increased appetite
weight loss and diarrhoea
CNS - anxiety, emotions, restlessness
CVS - increase in HR, MAP (palpation)

38
Q

What are some causes for Grave’s disease?

A

*autoimmune mechanism
*genetic factors
*environmental triggers

39
Q

What are the symptoms of grave’s disease?

A

1.Thyroid-Related Symptoms:
* Hyperthyroidism: Symptoms include weight loss, heat intolerance,
increased appetite, sweating, and tremors.
* Goitre: An enlarged thyroid gland, which may cause a visible swelling in the
neck.
2.Ophthalmopathy (Graves’ Orbitopathy):
* Exophthalmos: Bulging of the eyes due to inflammation and tissue swelling
behind the eyes.
* Eye Irritation: Dryness, redness, tearing, and sensitivity to light.
* Double Vision: Due to swelling and fibrosis of the eye muscles.
* Severe Cases: Compression of the optic nerve can lead to vision loss.
3.Cardiovascular Symptoms:
* Palpitations, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), and atrial fibrillation.
4.Neurological Symptoms:
* Anxiety, irritability, and tremors.
5.Reproductive Symptoms:
* Irregular menstrual cycles or amenorrhoea in females, and erectile
dysfunction in males.

40
Q

What are the functions of prolactin?

A

*stimulation of lactation = milk production and lactogenesis
*breast growth and development
= mammary gland development and during pregnancy

41
Q

What can high prolactin cause?

A
  • High Levels of Prolactin: Elevated prolactin levels can inhibit the release of
    Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus.
  • Effect on Reproductive Function: This inhibition can lead to decreased
    secretion of luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone
    (FSH), which can cause disruptions in the menstrual cycle in women and
    reduce fertility in both women and men.
    Clinical Implications: Conditions causing high prolactin levels, such as
    prolactinomas (prolactin-secreting pituitary tumours), can lead to symptoms such
    as amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea (excessive or inappropriate production of milk),and infertility.

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions