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PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient > Immune System - innate and adaptive > Flashcards

Immune System - innate and adaptive Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • Response to pathogens same each time the body is exposed (non specific, since birth)
    *first line of defence
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2
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A
  • Response to pathogens improves each time the pathogen is encountered.
  • Characteristics: Specificity and memory
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3
Q

What is the memory of the adaptive immune system like?

A
  • Adaptive immune system: “remembers” previous encounters with a particular substance.
  • Future responses are faster, stronger, and longer-lasting
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4
Q

What are the features of innate immunity?

A
  • Rapid and non specific
    Consists of
  • Physical Barriers
  • Chemical Mediators
  • Leukocytes (WBC)
  • Inflammatory Response
  • Enhances adaptive immune response
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5
Q

What are the physical barriers of the body?

A

*skin
*mouth oral cavity
*stomach GI tract
*mucosal epithelia

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6
Q

What are some examples of what all the physical barriers do/ what they entail?

A
  • Skin
  • Epidermal Keratinized cells
  • Sweat and secretions – lower pH
  • Mouth / oral cavity
  • Salivary glands – lysozyme
  • Stomach/GI tract
  • Low pH
  • Mucosal epithelia
  • GI tract
  • Respiratory tract
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Traps and removes
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7
Q

What do chemical mediators do?

A

Promote the immune response
* Complement
* > 20 Proteins in plasma
* Normally inactive
* Once activated - series of reactions - each complement protein activates
the next.
* Contribute to adaptive and innate systems
* Innate: “alternate pathway” of complement activation
* Bind to the cell membrane of the pathogen labelling it for phagocytosis
(opsonization)
* Act as chemotactic agents to attract phagocytic cells to the site of inflammation
* Form damaging pores in the plasma membrane of the pathogen
* Cells swell and lyse (rupture)

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8
Q

What are some examples of chemical mediators?

A

cytokines
interferons (IFNS) *Histamine
* Prostaglandins
* Leukotrienes

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9
Q

What do cytokines do?

A
  • Small signalling molecules released from cells to
    trigger immune response
  • Egs Interleukins + chemokines + interferons
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10
Q

What do interferons do?

A
  • Viruses:
  • Induce cells to produce viral nucleic acids and proteins
  • Cells infected with viruses secrete interferons
  • Travel to adjacent cells and induce them to make antiviral proteins
  • Prevents production of new viral nucleic acids and proteins
  • Inhibit viral reproduction in these surrounding cells
  • Some IFNs also activate other immune cells (macrophages and NK cells)
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11
Q

What else do chemical mediators?

A
  • vasodilation,
  • increasing vascular permeability
  • stimulating phagocytosis
  • Promote inflammation
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12
Q

What type of phagocytic cells are used in an innate immune response?

A
  • Neutrophils normally first
  • Release signals that increase inflammatory response
  • Recruits and activates other immune cells
  • Pus- dead neutrophils
  • Macrophages (monocytes that leave blood)
  • Larger - later stages of an infection
  • cleaning up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris
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13
Q

What are the types of white blood cells + their mobility

A
  • Basophils
  • Mobile cells
  • Mast cells
  • Non mobile cells in connective tissue
  • Eosinophils
  • Allergic response
  • When activated: release histamine and leukotrienes
  •  Inflammatory response
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14
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A
  • NK cells recognize classes of cells, eg tumour cells / virus-infected cells
  • Kill their target cells
  • releasing chemicals that damage cell membranes  causes the cells to lyse
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15
Q

Describe what the inflammatory response entails

A
  • Tissue injury (eg bacterial infection causing damage)
  • Mast cells/ basophils degranulate
  • Stimulates releases or activation of chemical
    mediators
  • Histamines
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Complement
  • Vasodilation (particularly histamine / prostaglandin)
  • Dilation of local capillaries
  • Increased blood flow (brings WBC / phagocytes)
  • Heat / redness
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16
Q

What happens during the inflammatory response?

A
  • Increased vascular permeability (histamine)
  • leakage of fluid into tissue  swelling /oedema
  • Allows complement to enter tissue
  • enhances inflammatory response / attracts more phagocytes
  • Clotting factors enter (fibringogen- fibrin) –
  • Wall off/ first step in wound repair
  • Recruitment of phagocytes (Leukotrienes /
    complement)
  • Phagocytes leave blood and enter tissue
  • Neutrophils
  • Followed by macrophages
  • Cycle continues until the pathogens are destroyed
  • Phagocytes remove microorganisms and dead tissue
  • damaged tissues are repaired.
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17
Q

What are the two different types of response?

A

local or systemic

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18
Q

What is some examples of local response?

A

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

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19
Q

What is some examples of systemic response?

A
  • More widespread
  • More neutrophils
  • Pyrogens → fever – hypothalamus
  • In severe cases: Sepsis - decreased blood volume can
    cause shock and death
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20
Q

How can inflammation and fever be beneficial?

A

Fever and inflammation can be beneficial
* ↑ temperature promotes phagocytosis
* ↓ microbial growth
* Inflammation: facilitates the transport of antigen
to lymph nodes
* Important for adaptive immune response

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21
Q

What other names does adaptive immunity have? + what mediated cells are involved

A
  • Adaptive Immunity
  • Antibody Mediated / Humoral Immunity
  • Protein generated by plasma cells
  • differentiated B cell
  • Cell-mediated
  • T cells
  • Helper T cells (Th)
  • Cytotoxic T cells
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22
Q

Where do all lymphocytes originate from?

A

Originate from stem cells in Red Bone Marrow
* B cells mature in in bone marrow
* T cells mature in thymus

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23
Q

When do cell clones originate, why?

A

Clones: Small no’s of identical B cells or T cells
* form during embryonic development (and after)
* Each clone derived from a single, unique B or T cell
* Respond only to a particular antigen
* large variety of clones
* Antigen receptors on surface
* B-cell receptors
* T-cell receptors
* Each receptor binds with only a specific antigen
* Each lymphocyte clone have identical antigen receptors
on their
* Clones against self antigens normally eliminated

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24
Q

Describe the adaptive immune response process

A
  • Antigen recognition by lymphocytes
  • Activates
  • Lymphocyte receptors and antigens
    combine
  • B cell and T cell receptors
  • Proliferation of lymphocytes
    recognising that antigen
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25
Q

What are some specifics of antigens for the adaptive immune response?

A
  • May be part of larger molecules
  • Eg after phagocytosis and b/d by
    macrophages
  • Bound to major histocompatibility
    complex molecules (MHC) on cell
    surface
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26
Q

What are the MHC classes and what they entail?

A
  • Antigens presented by MHC
    receptors
  • MHC class I molecules
  • All other cells with nuclei
  • MHC class II molecules
  • APC – macrophages, dendritic
    cells lymphocytes (B and T cells)
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27
Q

What can you do with MHC cells?

A
  • Combined MHC and antigen can
    then bind to the antigen
    receptor on a B cell or T cell
  • Co-stimulation
  • Cytokines
  • Surface proteins
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28
Q

What are helper T cells and what do they do?

A
  • MHC class II molecule
  • Macrophages release IL (helps to
    stimulate helper T cells)
  • Helper T cells
  • Helper T cells: ‘help’ B cells and other
    T cells to be activated
29
Q

What do CD4 molecules do? (T cell)

A
  • CD4 molecule
  • Helps T cell receptor and MHC II molecule
    bind
    After presentation: Helper T cells secretes IL2
    stimulates them to bind
30
Q

What do B cells do?

A
  • Phagocytoses same antigen as Helper
    T cell
  • Presented on surface of B cell by MHC
    class II molecule
  • T-cell receptor binds to MHC class II /
    antigen complex
31
Q

What do CD4 molecules (B cells)?

A
  • Aided/co-stimulated by CD4 molecule
  • Co-stimulated by ILs (TH cell)
  • Stimulate B cell to divide
  • These can go onto divide
  • Some will differentiate into Plasma cells
  • Produce Antibodies
32
Q

What are proteins like in the antibody immunity?

A
  • Proteins
  • Y-shaped molecules
  • consisting of four polypeptide chains: two
    identical heavy chains and two identical
    light chains
  • Variable region (top)
  • Antigen binding site
  • Constant regions
33
Q

What are the different types of immunoglobulins?

A
  • Immunoglobulins (Ig)
  • IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
34
Q

Describe the primary response in antibody production

A
  • First exposure to antigen
  • B cell undergoes several divisions
  • Forms plasma cells and memory B
    cells
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies
  • Normally takes 3–14 days
  • Normally develops disease symptoms
  • pathogen has had time to cause tissue
    damage
  • After antigen destroyed antibodies
    degrade and plasma cells die
35
Q

What immunoglobulin is present in the primary response?

A

IgM

36
Q

What Immunoglobulin is present in the secondary response?

A

IgG

37
Q

Describe the secondary response in antibody production

A
  • Previously exposed to antigen
  • Memory B cells quickly divide
    to form plasma cells
  • Quickly produce antibody
  • Makes more memory cells
  • Quicker to produce antibodies
  • More plasma cells/antibodies
  • Memory cells persist for long time
38
Q

What are the different steps to the effects of antibodies on extracellular pathogens?

A

*inactive antigen
*activates complement cascade
*initiates release of inflammatory mediators
*facilitate phagocytosis
*antibody dependant cellular activity

39
Q

Detail what the inactive antigen step contains

A

antibody binds to an antigen or
when many antigens are bound together

40
Q

Detail what the activate complement cascade step contains

A

Antigen binds to
antibody. Antibody can then activate complement
proteins → inflammation, attracts WBC and lyses
cells

41
Q

Detail what happens in the initiates release of inflammatory mediators step

A

Antibody binds to mast cell /basophil. Triggers
degranulation

42
Q

Detail what happens in the facilitate phagocytosis step

A

Antibody binds to antigen. Macrophages attaches to Fc of the antibody and phagocytoses both the antibody and the antigen

43
Q

Detail what happens in the antibody dependant cellular activity step

A

Activates
cytotoxic cell responses. Cytotoxic cells release
chemicals that destroy the antibody-bound antigen

44
Q

Where are IgG antibodies present + extra?

A
  • secondary immune responses
  • Some maternal IgGs cross the placental membrane
45
Q

Where are IgA found and what for?

A
  • external secretions
  • saliva, tears, intestinal and bronchial mucus, breast milk
46
Q

What are IgE antibodies for?

A
  • target gut parasites and are associated with allergic responses
47
Q

Where are IgM antibodies found?

A

*primary immune responses

48
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do? (intercellular, viral etc)

A
  • Intracellular effects
  • pathogens, allergic reactions, tumours
  • Essential Viral infections
  • Antibodies can’t cross into cell
  • Destroys infected/affected cell
49
Q

Describe how Cytotoxic T cells will get activated to tackle a virus

A
  • Activation: T-cell receptor binding
    with the MHC class I/antigen complex
  • Surface molecule CD8 (co stimulation)
  • Helper cells: co-stimulation with eg IL2
  • Stimulates T cell to divide
50
Q

cell mediated immunity: cytotoxic T cells

A

Series of divisions
* Additional cytotoxic T cells
* Immediate response

51
Q

cell mediated immunity: memory T cells

A
  • memory T cells
  • Secondary response
  • long-lasting immunity
52
Q

What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in cell mediated immunity?

A
  • Release cytokines
  • Attract innate immune cells
  • Macrophages
  • Phagocytosis of
    antigen/cell
  • inflammatory response
  • Activate additional cytotoxic T cells
  • Directly kill virus infected cells
53
Q

How can Cytotoxic T cells directly kill virus infected cells?

A
  • Viral antigens on surface
  • T cells bind to the antigens on
    the surfaces and cause the cells
    to lyse or under go apoptosis
54
Q

summary of Cytotoxic T cells

A

*attack and destroy cells that display MHC-I-antigen complexes

55
Q

What is an allergic response?

A
  • Immune response to a non-pathogenic antigen
56
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Allergen is an antigen that is typically not harmful to the body

57
Q

What is the sensitization phase?

A

equivalent to the primary immune response

58
Q

What are the phases to an allergic response?

A

*sensitization phase
*re-exposure phase

59
Q

What antibodies are produced in the allergic response?

A

*IgE and IgG

60
Q

What do IgE antibodies do in the allergic response?

A
  • IgE antibodies: immediately bound to mast
    cells and basophils.
  • Memory T and memory B cells formed
61
Q

What happens in re-exposure in allergic response (IgE)?

A
  • Allergen binds to IgE already present on
    mast cells
  • triggers immediate release of histamine,
    cytokines, other mediators
  • → cause allergic symptoms
  • strong and rapid response
62
Q

What is active immunity?

A

immunity is provided by the individual’s own immune system

63
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

immunity is transferred from another person or an animal

64
Q

What is an example of natural active immunity?

A

antigens are introduced through natural exposure

65
Q

What is an example of natural passive immunity?

A

antibodies from the mother are transferred to her child across the placenta or in milk

66
Q

What is an artificial example of active immunity?

A

antigens are introduced in a vaccine

67
Q

What is an artificial example of passive immunity?

A

antibodies are produced by another person or an animal and are injected

68
Q

What will happen if there is aging on the immune system? (lymphatic)

A
  • Little effect on the lymphatic system
  • remove fluid from tissues,
  • absorb lipids from the digestive tract
  • remove defective red blood cells
69
Q

What if there is aging on the immune system? (Immune system)

A
  • Severe impact on the immune system
  • thymus replaced with adipose tissue
  • lose the ability to produce mature T cells
  • May lose functionality
  • Antigen exposure leads to fewer helper t cells
  • Less stimulation of B and cytotoxic T cells
  • Antibody and cell mediated responses decrease
  • Primary and secondary antibody responses decrease

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient (25 decks)

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