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PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient > Immune System - lymphatic and immune > Flashcards

Immune System - lymphatic and immune Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunity?

A
  • Ability to resist damage from pathogens, toxins and internal threats
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2
Q

What makes up the immune system?

A
  • Lymphoid tissues / Lymphatic System
  • Immune cells
  • Chemicals that coordinate and carry out immune functions
  • “self ” from “non-self” - a targeted response
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3
Q

What are the functions of the immune system?

A
  • Recognize and remove abnormal “self ” cells
  • Removes dead or damaged cells
  • Protects the body from disease-causing invaders
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4
Q

What are the types of responses of the immune system?

A
  • Nonspecific Innate Immunity and Specific Acquired Immunity
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5
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A
  • System of vessels / cells / organs that carries excess fluids to the bloodstream and
    filters pathogens from the blood
  • drain body fluids and return them to the bloodstream
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6
Q

What is the lymph?

A

Lymph: interstitial fluid (fluid that fills spaces between cells) once it has entered
the lymphatic system

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7
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A
  • Fluid Balance
  • Lipid Absorption
  • Defence against pathogens
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8
Q

What makes up the lymphatic system?

A

Tonsils, the lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus

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9
Q

What are lymph nodes + where are they located?

A

Lymph nodes -located along lymphatic vessels
* Groups in the cervical (neck), axillary (armpit), and inguinal
(groin) areas

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10
Q

Describe the way lymph is able to carry fluid from tissues to the circulatory system

A
  • Vessels begin as open-ended capillaries,
  • Feed into larger lymphatic vessels
  • Empty into the bloodstream by ducts.
  • Lymph travels through the lymph nodes
  • Doesn’t circulate ie not pumped by heart
  • Forced through the vessels by contraction of skeletal muscles
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11
Q

What are the function of the capillaries in the lymphatic system? + characteristics

A
  • Where fluid enters the lymphatic
    system
  • In virtually all tissues
  • between arterioles and venules
  • Thinner walls than veins
    *fluid moves into the capillaries only (in one direction)
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12
Q

What does the lymphatic system entail in the small intestine?

A

*found in vili of GI tract
*lymphatic capillaries called lacteals
*lipids and some lipid soluble vitamins form a milky fluid = chyle
*this fluid enters the lacteals and blood stream

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13
Q

Outline lymphatic circulation

A
  • Lymphatic capillaries → Vessels → Trunks →2 ducts
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14
Q

Describe drainage in the right duct and left duct

A
  • Right: Right lymphatic duct drains into right subclavian vein
  • right sides of the head, thorax,
    and right arm
  • Left: Thoracic duct drains
    into the left subclavian vein
  • remaining portions of the body
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15
Q

What is lymphatic tissue?

A

*lymphocytes/ defence cells

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16
Q

Where are lymphocytes found?

A

red bone marrow

17
Q

What type of tonsils are lymphatic?

A
  • Palatine tonsils
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids when enlarged)
  • Lingual tonsil
18
Q

Where are lymph nodes located + how they involve in lymph travel?

A
  • Distributed along the lymphatic vessels
  • Lymph passes through before entering
    blood
  • Superficial or deep
    *lymph flows through the nodes
19
Q

Describe how lymph nodes get rid of pathogens

A
  • Superficial aggregations
  • (1) inguinal nodes in the groin, (2) the axillary
    nodes in the axilla (armpit), and (3) the cervical
    nodes in the neck.
  • Dense capsule with extensions: trabeculae
  • lymphatic tissue: Lymphocytes and lymphatic
    nodules
  • lymphatic sinuses: macrophages
    macrophages remove pathogens
20
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

*filters blood
= responds to foreign substances, destroy old RBC

21
Q

What is found In the spleens?

A

*white pulp
*red pulp

22
Q

What is white pulp + what is its role?

A
  • Lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries
  • Lymphocytes can be stimulated to divide
23
Q

What is red pulp + what is its role?

A
  • Surrounding veins
  • Macrophages and red blood cells
  • Macrophages remove foreign substances
    and worn-out red blood cells through
    phagocytosis
    *also a blood reserviour
24
Q

What is the thymus and what is it composed of?

A
  • 2 lobed gland
  • Divided into lobules
  • Cortex (dark)
  • Many lymphocytes
  • Medulla (light)
  • Fewer lymphocytes
  • Maturing T-cells
  • Mature T-cells migrate to medulla, enter blood and travel to other lymphatic tissue
25
Q

What cells of the immune system circulate the blood but leave and act extra vascular?

A

(1) eosinophils
(2) Basophils (blood); related mast cells (tissues)
(3) neutrophils
(4) monocytes and macrophages
(5) lymphocytes and plasma cells
(6) dendritic cells

26
Q

What cell is found in the immune system?

A

leukocytes = WBC

27
Q

What do basophil and mast cells do?

A
  • Release mediators that contribute to inflammation
  • Histamine, heparin (anticoag) and other cytokines
  • Allergic and immune responce
28
Q

Where are basophils and mast cells found?

A
  • Basophils (circulation)
  • Mast cells (tissue):
  • lungs
  • GI tract
  • skin
29
Q

What are eosinophils and what do they do?

A
  • Allergic reactions and parasitic diseases
  • Cytotoxic: release substances from their granules that directly
    damage or kill the parasites
30
Q

Where are eosinophils found?

A
  • Digestive tract, lungs, urinary and genital epithelia, and
    connective tissue of the skin
31
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • Kill / ingest bacteria
  • release a variety of cytokines
  • including fever-causing pyrogens
    *phagocytic cells
    *most abundant WBC
    *has a segmented nucleus
32
Q

Where are neutrophils located?

A
  • Most remain in the blood but can leave if attracted to an
    extravascular site of damage or infection
33
Q

What do monocytes and macrocytes do?

A

Monocytes precursors of tissue macrophages
* Once in the tissues, monocytes enlarge and differentiate into
phagocytic macrophages
* Key scavengers within tissues
* Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
* Antigens: Immunogens that react with B and T lymphocytes
* APCs can insert fragments of processed antigen into its membrane -
becomes part of surface protein complexes
* they can bind to and activate other types of immune cells.

34
Q

Where are monocytes and microcytes located?

A

*in tissues

35
Q

What are the types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B Lymphocytes (APCs)
  • T lymphocytes
    *natural killer cells
36
Q

Where are lymphocyte cells found?

A

lymphoid tissue

37
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A
  • Once capture antigens migrate to lymph nodes
  • Present antigens to lymphocytes which activates
    lymphocytes
    *antigen presenting cells
38
Q

Where are dendritic cells found?

A
  • Found in skin (Langerhans cells)
39
Q

What happens in antigen presentation?

A
  • Some pathogens bind directly
    to phagocyte receptors /others pre-coated by
    antibodies
  • Stimulates internalisation
  • Digests pathogen
  • Part of it (antigen) presented on
    surface

PMP101 - Health, Disease and Patient (25 decks)

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