The skull, region og the head, fascia and muscles of the neck Flashcards
How many bones in the skull?
28
What is the skull called without the jaw (mandible) ?
Cranium
Two main part of skull (morphology)
Neurocranium = brain case
Viserocranium = Facial bones
Which bones contributes both to the neurocranium and viscerocranium?
Sphenoidbone, ethmoid bone and temporal bone
Ethimology of frontal bone
Bone of the forehead
Ethimology of the temporal bone
Temporal= related to the time, time passing (first white hairs come here)
Ethimology of parietal bone
Parietal= of a wall, main lateral wall of the skull
Ethimology of occipital bone
Opposite side of the head
Ethimology of the sphenoid bone
Wedge shaped (middle of the skull)
Embryology of the cranium, 2 origins
Chondrocranium (endochondrial bones) Endochondral ossification
Membranocranium (membranous bone) intermembranous ossification
What does the cartilges of meckle form?
Mandible
What is a fissure?
Long and narrow division with irregular shape between bones of the skull
What is a foramen?
Hole (usually clear cut shape)
What is a canal?
Tunnel-shaped passage
What is the squamous?
Part of a bone that is flat, like scale
What is the petrous?
Part of a bone that is solid like a rock
What is a process?
Part of the bone that is prominent/projecting, have different shape (irregular typically)
What is a flat proces called?
Plate
What is a fossa?
A pit
3 types of joints (3 S’s)
Sutures, synchondrosis and synovial joint
Different name for fibrous joint
Syndesmoses
What is it synostosis?
Surtures that have no more fibrous tissue between it
Is there cartilage between the bones in a synchondrosis?
Yes
How many mobile joints in the skull?
One (temporal mandibular joint)
The two synovial joints?
Temporal mandibular joint and alto-occipital joint
What are synovial joints?
Mobiel joints
Is the maxilla one or two bones?
Two
What are the holes in the skull?
What comes through the infraorbital and orbital foramen?
Sensory nerves
Different name for cheekbone
Zygomatic bone
What is the big hole at the bottom of the skull called?
Foramen magnum
What is in the zygomatic arch?
Soft tissue
What is the Mindubular fossa?
Carotic and jugular foramen
What allows for the passage of the brain stem?
Foramen magnum
What is between the lines of force?
Points of weakness
Where do the typical fractures of the skull occur?
Along the lines of weakness
How are the fractures of the skull classified?
Le fort classification
How much of the entire length of the newborn does the skull take up?
1/4
Which part of the cranium is smaller compared to the other?
The visceral cranium is small (fascial region)
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots where ossification is not completed (connective tissue between flatbone of the vault)
Why do we have fontanelles?
Allows for growth of the brain and cranium
Why do fontanelles disappear?
Because of membranous ossification
How many synchondrosis do we have in the skull?
One at the base of the skull
What are fibrous joints?
Joints with connective (fibrous) tissue in between
What is the largest fontanel in a newborn?
Anterior (bregmatic) fontanel
Which fontanels do new borns have on the side of their heads?
Sphenoidal and mastoid, they are paired (on both sides)
What bones is the cranial vault (calvaria) made of?
Squamous part of the frontal and occipital bones and the parietal bone
What causes the groove along the midline on the inside of the skull?
The superior sagittal sinus which drains from the brain
Is the cranial base perfectly horizontal?
No it forms a slope
What are the 3 forssa of the cranial base?
Anterior, middle and posterior
In which cranial fossa is the ethmoid bone?
In the anterior cranial fossa
What does the middle cranial fossa look like?
Wings
What sets the anterior cranial Fossa apart from the other cranial fossa?
It does not directly communicate with the inferior surface of the cranium
Where are the greater wings located with respect to the lesser wings?
Inferior
What artery runs with the optic nerve in the orbital cavity?
Ophthalmic artery
What hosts and protects the pituitary gland?
Sella turcuca (Turkish saddle), Consists of the tuberculum Sallae, pituitary fossa and dorsim sale
Can you see the foramen lacerum in the living human?
No it is covered with connective tissue
How many branches in the trigeminal nerve?
3
Which is the largest of the cranial nerves?
Trigeminal nerve
What har the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
The ophthalmic branch (V1), maxillary branch (V2), and mandibular branch(V3)
Where does the second branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?
Foramen rotundum
Where does the third branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?
Foramen ovale
Which the deepest cranial fossa?
The posterior cranial fossa
What forms the Cerebella/posterior cranial forsa?
The occipital bone
What provides the passage of the jugular vein?
The Jugular foramen
What comes out the jugular foramen?
The jugular vein and some primary nerves
What does the occipital condyle allow for?
Movement of the head, it articulates with the atlas
What does the neurocranium derive from? (embryological standpoint)
Endochondral ossification
How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the nasal cavities? (allows for smell and general sensory info)
Through the foramina of the cribriform plate and the anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?
Through the optic canal
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?
Through the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the foramen rotundum
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa?
Through the foramen ovale
What is the crossing of the optic nerve called?
Optic chiasm
How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the vertebral canal?
Through foramen magnum
How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the regions of the neck?
Through the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal
What separates the two nasal cavities?
Nasal septum/ perpendicular plate
What are the spaces in the nasal conch called?
Ethmoidal cells
What is the only smooth surface in the nose?
The nose
What helps warm up the air in the nose?
The irregular shaped created by the bones such as the nasal conch and the hollow spaces created byt the ethmoidal cells
What is between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone when looking from anterior to posterior through the orbital cavity?
The superior orbital fissure
What are the two plates of the pterygoid plate called?
Lateral plate and medial plate
On what part of the sphenoid bone is the orbital canal?
The lesser wings
What is the back of the Sella turcuca called?
Dorsum sellae
What are the 4 components of the temporal bone?
squamous, petromastoid, tympanic and the styloid
What is the pyramid of the temporal bone called?
Petromastoid
What does the tympanic part of the temporal bone form?
The external acoustic meatus
Where are the structures inner ear located?
In the pyramid of the temporal bone
What exists from the internal acoustic meatus?
The nerves that arise in the inner ear
Does the internal carotid artery pass through the pyramid of the temporal bone?
Yes
Where on the temporal bone is the temporal mandibular joint found?
In the mandibular fossa
In which part of the cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus?
Posterior cranial fossa
Between what bones is the jugular fossa?
Temporal bone and occipital bone
What separates the outer and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
Which facial bone is the largest?
Maxillary
Which bones contribute to the orbit?
Maxillary, frontal, frontal process and zygomatic, (palatine contributes in a tiny part), Ethmoid and sphenoid
Which bone forms the walls of the nasal cavity?
Maxillary bone
What bones form the hard plate?
The maxillary bone and palatine bone
Which bones separates the nasal from the oral cavity?
The maxillary and the palatine
What is the socket the teeth go into in the maxillary called?
Alveoli
What is the structures between the roots of the teeth called?
Interradicolar
What is the big cavity in the maxillary called?
Maxillary sinus
Does the maxillary communicate with he nasal cavity?
Yes
What forms the crucifer suture in the roof of the mouth?
The two maxillary bone and the two horizontal palatine
What are the palatine foramen called?
Major (anterior) and minor (posterior) palatine foramen
What come through the major and minor palatine foramen?
Vessel and nerves that supply the palatine/palte
Name for the bones that make up the bony part of the septum?
Vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
What bones form the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?
Palatine and sphenoid
What is the H shaped suture called?
Pterion
Which bones are involved in the Pterion
Frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal
Where does the intertemporal fossa lie?
Deep to the ramus of the mandible
What is the infratemporal crest created by?
The change of direction of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
What are the 4 major structures that occupy the infratemporal fossa?
The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
The maxillary artery
Optic ganglion, chord tympani and pterygoid venous plexus
What is the maxillary artery a branch of?
The external carotid artery
Is the interior boundary the same for the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?
Yes
Which bones do the nasal cavity communicate with through the paranasal sinuses?(4)
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal
Which part of the septum is boney?
The posterior part
Different name for floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate
What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
The nasal septum
What is the anterior part og the nasal septum made up of?
Hayline cartilage
Does the nasal bone contribute to the formation of the nasal pyramid?
Yes
Is the nasal bone part of the nasal cavity?
No, only the nasal pyramid
Which bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
The maxilla, ethmoid bone, palatine bone, lacrimal
Why is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity so irregular?
Because the conch project into the cavity
What are the narrow spaces between the nasal concha called?
Meatus
What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity called?
Choana (not a structure just the opening)
Which 4 sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal
Does the mucosa that line the nasal cavity continue into the sinuses?
Yes
Different name for ethmoidal sinuses?
Ethmoidal cells
Do paranasal sinuses develop with age?
Yes
What is sinusitis?
Infection of upper respiratory tract spreading to the sinuses
2 types of mucosa in nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa (less, smell. Close to cribriform plate and olfactory nerve, roof of nasal cavity og extends a bit of medial and lateral wall)
Respiratory muscosa
2 main type of respiratory epithelial
Goblet cells and ciliated cells
Which cells produces the mucous?
Goblet cells
What makes up the mucociliary clearance mechanism?
Ciliated cells and goblet cells
What moves the mucous made by the goblet cells?
Ciliated cells
What are olfactory cells?
Specialised neurons
What forms the olfactory nerves?
The axons from the olfactory cells from the olfactory epithelium
What kind of gland is the olfactory gland of Bowman?
Serious, produces protein
What is the floor of the oral cavity formed by?
The mylohyoid muscles
What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?
Isthmus of the faoces
What is the anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?
Hard palate, bone
What is the posterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?
Soft palate, muscle
Different name for gums?
Gingivae
What kind of muscle is on the oral cavity floor?
Skeletal muscle
How many bellies does the digastric muscle have?
2
How many ducts does the submandibular gland have?
1
How many ducts does the sublingual gland have?
Many
Names of the 3 major salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
What is the name of the space between the cheeks and teeth?
The oral vestibule
Is the saliva from the 3 major glands the same?
No it is different
Is the parotid gland serous or mucous?
Serous
Is the sublingual gland serous or mucous?
Mucous
Is the submandibular gland serous or mucous?
Mixed
Which type of saliva is more watery?
The one that comes from serous cells
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the soft palate?
Non-keratenized
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the hard palate?
Keratinised
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the gingeva?
Keratinised
Where are the minor salivary glands?
Spread in the basal lamina of the mucosa
What is the mandible effected by?
Age, teeth and mastication
What kind of joint is the temporalmandibular joint?
Synovial joint, mobile joint
Two types of fixed joints?
Sutures and gomphosis
What are gumphosis?
The joint between the teeth and the gum
Different name for freely movable joint?
Diarthrosis
Different name for slightly moveable joint?
Amphiarthrosis
Different name for fixed joint?
Synarthrosis
What is the inner surface of the joint capsule of the temper-mandibular joint covered by?
Synovial membrane
What kind of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Condyle joint
Do all synovial joints have articular discs?
No
What is it believed the articular disc does in the TMJ?
Helps stabilise the condyle within the temporomandibular joint
What kind of movement allows for the elevation and depression of the TMJ? (opening and closing of the jaws)
Rotational movement
What does translation of the condyle in the TMJ do?
Protrusion and retraction
What kind of movement is needed for maximum opening of the mouth?
Both translation and rotation
What are branchial or pharyngeal arches made from?
Outer ectodermal layer
Inner endodermal layer
Mesodermal layer (in between)
What is the superficial boundary between head and neck?
Pericraniocervical line
What are diploic bones?
Bones formed by two tables or plates of compact bone enclosing dense marrow
Where does the pericraniocervical line pass?
Through the inferior border of the mandible
Extends from the angle of the mandible to the apex of mated process and follows the superior nuchal line, reaching the external occipital protuberance
Are the ears part of the face or cranium?
Face
What is the first part of the trunk?
The neck
Where is the neck located?
Between the head, thorax and upper limbs
What is the superficial boundary between the neck and the thorax?
The inferior border of the neck
What separates the anterior and posterior part of the neck?
The insertion of the trapezius
Where is the neck proper located?
Between
Anteriorly: anterior cervical region
Posteriorly: sternocleidomastoid and lateral cervical regions
Different name for posterior cervical region of the neck
Nuchal region
What kind of bone is the lacrimal bone?
Flat bone
What kind of bone is the vomer
Flat bone
What kind of bone is the hyoid bone?
Irregular
Where is the hyoid bone located?
The neck
What is the cranial base initially formed by?
Hyaline cartilage
What does the cranial base derive from?
The chordal and prechordal skeleton
What kind of ossification does the calvaria have?
Membranous
Which cells are required for the development of the bones of the viscerocranium?
Cells of the neural crest
What kind of ossification does the frontal bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the ethmoid bone develop by?
Endochondral ossification
What kind of ossification does the sphenoid bone develop by?
Some of it by endochondral ossification and some by membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the occipital bone develop by?
The part around the foramen magnum: endochondral ossification
Other parts: membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the parietal bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the temporal bone develop by?
Some parts by endochondral ossification and some parts by membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the maxilla bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
How many main ossification centers in the maxilla?
5
What kind of ossification does the zygomatic bone develop by?
Membranous
How many ossification centers appear from the zygomatic bone during the second month of intrauterin life? and when do they fuse together?
3
They fuse together around the fifth month
What kind of ossification does the palatine bone develop by?
Membranous
What kind of ossification does the nasal bone develop by?
Membranous
What kind of ossification does the lacrimal bone develop by?
Membranous
What kind of ossification does the inferior nasal concha develop by?
Endochondral ossification
What kind of ossification does the vomer develop by?
Membranous ossification
What kind of ossification does the mandible develop by?
Membranous ossification
Mantellar ossification around Meckel’s cartilage
Endochondral ossification by the auditory ossicles
What kind of ossification does the hyoid bone develop by?
Endochondral ossification
From where do the bones of the auditory ossicles derive?
Distal portion of the Reichert’s cartilage
Difference between a cleft lip and cleft palate
Cleft lip is visible from the outside, its the lip that is split
Cleft palate is the roof of the mouth (the palate) being split and opening to the nasal cavity
Are the bones of the calvaria completely welded at birth?
No, fibrous connective tissue is present between them
Which is the most remarkable sex difference in the skull?
Muscle insertion points
They are more prominent in males than females
What is the lowest point of the infraorbital margin?
Orbital point
Which craniometric point is the median point of the anterior border of the foramen magnum?
Basion
Do monozygotic twins have different frontal sinuses?
Yes
What does the frontal bone form?
The floor of the anterior cranial fossa
The anterior part of the calvaria
Most of the roof of the orbital and nasal cavities
What is the superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which protrudes into the anterior cranial fossa?
Crista galli
Is the ethmoid bone part of the neurocranium or viscerocranium?
Both
What is the part of the maxilla called where the teeth attach?
The dental arcade
Which is the only cranial bone joined through synovial junctions or diarthrosis?
Mandible
What bone is the pterygoid plate part of?
Sphenoid bone
Which foramen are in the superior wall of the infratemporal fossa?
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Which foramen is in the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Foramen rotunda
What do the lesser palatine canals open into?
The oral cavity
Which bones make up the temporal fossa?
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
Which foramen are in the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?
Mandibular foramen
What kind of muscles are the facial muscles?
Cutaneous
Which nerve are the facial muscles innervated by?
Facial nerve
Palpebral muscles
Orbivularis oculi
Depressor supercilii
Corrugator supercilii
Orbital muscle
4 muscles of mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
What do the masticatory muscles act on?
The mandible
What are the masticatory muscles innervated by?
The third branch of the trigeminal nerve (the mandibular nerve)
What shape does temporals have?
Shape of a fan
What are the insertions of the temporals?
Fibers originate from large temporal area and converge inferiorly, passing medially to the zygomatic arch and insert on the coronoid process of the mandible
What are the insertions of the masseter?
Originates from the anterior and inferior part of the inferior margin of the zygomatic arch
Insert at the masseteric tuberosity of the ramus of the mandible
Which muscles are responsible for the movement for the hyoid bone and the larynx?
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
4 supra hyoid muscles
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
2 parts of the digastric muscle
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
What does the geniohyoid muscle contribute to the formation of?
The floor of the mouth
Where are the infrahyoid muscle located?
Between the hyoid bone and the thorax
4 infra hyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
Which is the most medial of the hyoid muscles?
The sternohyoid
Which is the most lateral of the hyoid muscles?
The omohyoid
3 parts of the omohyoid
Superior belly
Intermediate tendon
Inferior belly
Where are the pre vertebral muscle located?
Deep in the neck on the anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae and first thoracic vertebrae
