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Human anatomy and organogenesis > The skull, region og the head, fascia and muscles of the neck > Flashcards

The skull, region og the head, fascia and muscles of the neck Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

28

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2
Q

What is the skull called without the jaw (mandible) ?

A

Cranium

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3
Q

Two main part of skull (morphology)

A

Neurocranium = brain case
Viserocranium = Facial bones

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4
Q

Which bones contributes both to the neurocranium and viscerocranium?

A

Sphenoidbone, ethmoid bone and temporal bone

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5
Q

Ethimology of frontal bone

A

Bone of the forehead

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6
Q

Ethimology of the temporal bone

A

Temporal= related to the time, time passing (first white hairs come here)

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7
Q

Ethimology of parietal bone

A

Parietal= of a wall, main lateral wall of the skull

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8
Q

Ethimology of occipital bone

A

Opposite side of the head

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9
Q

Ethimology of the sphenoid bone

A

Wedge shaped (middle of the skull)

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10
Q

Embryology of the cranium, 2 origins

A

Chondrocranium (endochondrial bones) Endochondral ossification
Membranocranium (membranous bone) intermembranous ossification

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11
Q

What does the cartilges of meckle form?

A

Mandible

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12
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Long and narrow division with irregular shape between bones of the skull

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13
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Hole (usually clear cut shape)

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14
Q

What is a canal?

A

Tunnel-shaped passage

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15
Q

What is the squamous?

A

Part of a bone that is flat, like scale

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16
Q

What is the petrous?

A

Part of a bone that is solid like a rock

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17
Q

What is a process?

A

Part of the bone that is prominent/projecting, have different shape (irregular typically)

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18
Q

What is a flat proces called?

A

Plate

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19
Q

What is a fossa?

A

A pit

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20
Q

3 types of joints (3 S’s)

A

Sutures, synchondrosis and synovial joint

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21
Q

Different name for fibrous joint

A

Syndesmoses

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22
Q

What is it synostosis?

A

Surtures that have no more fibrous tissue between it

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23
Q

Is there cartilage between the bones in a synchondrosis?

A

Yes

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24
Q

How many mobile joints in the skull?

A

One (temporal mandibular joint)

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25
Q

The two synovial joints?

A

Temporal mandibular joint and alto-occipital joint

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26
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

Mobiel joints

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27
Q

Is the maxilla one or two bones?

A

Two

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28
Q

What are the holes in the skull?

A
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29
Q

What comes through the infraorbital and orbital foramen?

A

Sensory nerves

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30
Q

Different name for cheekbone

A

Zygomatic bone

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31
Q

What is the big hole at the bottom of the skull called?

A

Foramen magnum

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32
Q

What is in the zygomatic arch?

A

Soft tissue

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33
Q

What is the Mindubular fossa?

A
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34
Q

Carotic and jugular foramen

A
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35
Q

What allows for the passage of the brain stem?

A

Foramen magnum

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36
Q

What is between the lines of force?

A

Points of weakness

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37
Q

Where do the typical fractures of the skull occur?

A

Along the lines of weakness

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38
Q

How are the fractures of the skull classified?

A

Le fort classification

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39
Q

How much of the entire length of the newborn does the skull take up?

A

1/4

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40
Q

Which part of the cranium is smaller compared to the other?

A

The visceral cranium is small (fascial region)

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41
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Soft spots where ossification is not completed (connective tissue between flatbone of the vault)

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42
Q

Why do we have fontanelles?

A

Allows for growth of the brain and cranium

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43
Q

Why do fontanelles disappear?

A

Because of membranous ossification

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44
Q

How many synchondrosis do we have in the skull?

A

One at the base of the skull

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45
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

Joints with connective (fibrous) tissue in between

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46
Q

What is the largest fontanel in a newborn?

A

Anterior (bregmatic) fontanel

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47
Q

Which fontanels do new borns have on the side of their heads?

A

Sphenoidal and mastoid, they are paired (on both sides)

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48
Q

What bones is the cranial vault (calvaria) made of?

A

Squamous part of the frontal and occipital bones and the parietal bone

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49
Q

What causes the groove along the midline on the inside of the skull?

A

The superior sagittal sinus which drains from the brain

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50
Q

Is the cranial base perfectly horizontal?

A

No it forms a slope

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51
Q

What are the 3 forssa of the cranial base?

A

Anterior, middle and posterior

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52
Q

In which cranial fossa is the ethmoid bone?

A

In the anterior cranial fossa

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53
Q

What does the middle cranial fossa look like?

A

Wings

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54
Q

What sets the anterior cranial Fossa apart from the other cranial fossa?

A

It does not directly communicate with the inferior surface of the cranium

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55
Q

Where are the greater wings located with respect to the lesser wings?

A

Inferior

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56
Q

What artery runs with the optic nerve in the orbital cavity?

A

Ophthalmic artery

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57
Q

What hosts and protects the pituitary gland?

A

Sella turcuca (Turkish saddle), Consists of the tuberculum Sallae, pituitary fossa and dorsim sale

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58
Q

Can you see the foramen lacerum in the living human?

A

No it is covered with connective tissue

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59
Q

How many branches in the trigeminal nerve?

A

3

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60
Q

Which is the largest of the cranial nerves?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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61
Q

What har the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

The ophthalmic branch (V1), maxillary branch (V2), and mandibular branch(V3)

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62
Q

Where does the second branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?

A

Foramen rotundum

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63
Q

Where does the third branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?

A

Foramen ovale

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64
Q

Which the deepest cranial fossa?

A

The posterior cranial fossa

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65
Q

What forms the Cerebella/posterior cranial forsa?

A

The occipital bone

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66
Q

What provides the passage of the jugular vein?

A

The Jugular foramen

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67
Q

What comes out the jugular foramen?

A

The jugular vein and some primary nerves

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68
Q

What does the occipital condyle allow for?

A

Movement of the head, it articulates with the atlas

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69
Q

What does the neurocranium derive from? (embryological standpoint)

A

Endochondral ossification

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70
Q

How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the nasal cavities? (allows for smell and general sensory info)

A

Through the foramina of the cribriform plate and the anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina

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71
Q

How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?

A

Through the optic canal

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72
Q

How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?

A

Through the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure

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73
Q

How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Through the foramen rotundum

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74
Q

How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa?

A

Through the foramen ovale

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75
Q

What is the crossing of the optic nerve called?

A

Optic chiasm

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76
Q

How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the vertebral canal?

A

Through foramen magnum

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77
Q

How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the regions of the neck?

A

Through the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal

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78
Q

What separates the two nasal cavities?

A

Nasal septum/ perpendicular plate

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79
Q

What are the spaces in the nasal conch called?

A

Ethmoidal cells

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80
Q

What is the only smooth surface in the nose?

A

The nose

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81
Q

What helps warm up the air in the nose?

A

The irregular shaped created by the bones such as the nasal conch and the hollow spaces created byt the ethmoidal cells

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82
Q

What is between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone when looking from anterior to posterior through the orbital cavity?

A

The superior orbital fissure

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83
Q

What are the two plates of the pterygoid plate called?

A

Lateral plate and medial plate

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84
Q

On what part of the sphenoid bone is the orbital canal?

A

The lesser wings

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85
Q

What is the back of the Sella turcuca called?

A

Dorsum sellae

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86
Q

What are the 4 components of the temporal bone?

A

squamous, petromastoid, tympanic and the styloid

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87
Q

What is the pyramid of the temporal bone called?

A

Petromastoid

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88
Q

What does the tympanic part of the temporal bone form?

A

The external acoustic meatus

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89
Q

Where are the structures inner ear located?

A

In the pyramid of the temporal bone

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90
Q

What exists from the internal acoustic meatus?

A

The nerves that arise in the inner ear

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91
Q

Does the internal carotid artery pass through the pyramid of the temporal bone?

A

Yes

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92
Q

Where on the temporal bone is the temporal mandibular joint found?

A

In the mandibular fossa

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93
Q

In which part of the cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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94
Q

Between what bones is the jugular fossa?

A

Temporal bone and occipital bone

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95
Q

What separates the outer and middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

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96
Q

Which facial bone is the largest?

A

Maxillary

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97
Q

Which bones contribute to the orbit?

A

Maxillary, frontal, frontal process and zygomatic, (palatine contributes in a tiny part), Ethmoid and sphenoid

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98
Q

Which bone forms the walls of the nasal cavity?

A

Maxillary bone

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99
Q

What bones form the hard plate?

A

The maxillary bone and palatine bone

100
Q

Which bones separates the nasal from the oral cavity?

A

The maxillary and the palatine

101
Q

What is the socket the teeth go into in the maxillary called?

A

Alveoli

102
Q

What is the structures between the roots of the teeth called?

A

Interradicolar

103
Q

What is the big cavity in the maxillary called?

A

Maxillary sinus

104
Q

Does the maxillary communicate with he nasal cavity?

A

Yes

105
Q

What forms the crucifer suture in the roof of the mouth?

A

The two maxillary bone and the two horizontal palatine

106
Q

What are the palatine foramen called?

A

Major (anterior) and minor (posterior) palatine foramen

107
Q

What come through the major and minor palatine foramen?

A

Vessel and nerves that supply the palatine/palte

108
Q

Name for the bones that make up the bony part of the septum?

A

Vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

109
Q

What bones form the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?

A

Palatine and sphenoid

110
Q

What is the H shaped suture called?

A

Pterion

111
Q

Which bones are involved in the Pterion

A

Frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal

112
Q

Where does the intertemporal fossa lie?

A

Deep to the ramus of the mandible

113
Q

What is the infratemporal crest created by?

A

The change of direction of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone

114
Q

What are the 4 major structures that occupy the infratemporal fossa?

A

The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
The maxillary artery
Optic ganglion, chord tympani and pterygoid venous plexus

115
Q

What is the maxillary artery a branch of?

A

The external carotid artery

116
Q

Is the interior boundary the same for the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Yes

117
Q

Which bones do the nasal cavity communicate with through the paranasal sinuses?(4)

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal

118
Q

Which part of the septum is boney?

A

The posterior part

119
Q

Different name for floor of the nasal cavity?

A

Hard palate

120
Q

What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?

A

The nasal septum

121
Q

What is the anterior part og the nasal septum made up of?

A

Hayline cartilage

122
Q

Does the nasal bone contribute to the formation of the nasal pyramid?

A

Yes

123
Q

Is the nasal bone part of the nasal cavity?

A

No, only the nasal pyramid

124
Q

Which bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A

The maxilla, ethmoid bone, palatine bone, lacrimal

125
Q

Why is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity so irregular?

A

Because the conch project into the cavity

126
Q

What are the narrow spaces between the nasal concha called?

A

Meatus

127
Q

What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity called?

A

Choana (not a structure just the opening)

128
Q

Which 4 sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?

A

Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal

128
Q

Does the mucosa that line the nasal cavity continue into the sinuses?

A

Yes

129
Q

Different name for ethmoidal sinuses?

A

Ethmoidal cells

130
Q

Do paranasal sinuses develop with age?

A

Yes

131
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Infection of upper respiratory tract spreading to the sinuses

132
Q

2 types of mucosa in nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa (less, smell. Close to cribriform plate and olfactory nerve, roof of nasal cavity og extends a bit of medial and lateral wall)
Respiratory muscosa

133
Q

2 main type of respiratory epithelial

A

Goblet cells and ciliated cells

134
Q

Which cells produces the mucous?

A

Goblet cells

135
Q

What makes up the mucociliary clearance mechanism?

A

Ciliated cells and goblet cells

136
Q

What moves the mucous made by the goblet cells?

A

Ciliated cells

137
Q

What are olfactory cells?

A

Specialised neurons

138
Q

What forms the olfactory nerves?

A

The axons from the olfactory cells from the olfactory epithelium

139
Q

What kind of gland is the olfactory gland of Bowman?

A

Serious, produces protein

140
Q

What is the floor of the oral cavity formed by?

A

The mylohyoid muscles

141
Q

What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?

A

Isthmus of the faoces

142
Q

What is the anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?

A

Hard palate, bone

143
Q

What is the posterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?

A

Soft palate, muscle

144
Q

Different name for gums?

A

Gingivae

145
Q

What kind of muscle is on the oral cavity floor?

A

Skeletal muscle

146
Q

How many bellies does the digastric muscle have?

A

2

147
Q

How many ducts does the submandibular gland have?

A

1

148
Q

How many ducts does the sublingual gland have?

A

Many

149
Q

Names of the 3 major salivary glands

A

Parotid, submandibular and sublingual

150
Q

What is the name of the space between the cheeks and teeth?

A

The oral vestibule

151
Q

Is the saliva from the 3 major glands the same?

A

No it is different

152
Q

Is the parotid gland serous or mucous?

A

Serous

153
Q

Is the sublingual gland serous or mucous?

A

Mucous

154
Q

Is the submandibular gland serous or mucous?

A

Mixed

155
Q

Which type of saliva is more watery?

A

The one that comes from serous cells

156
Q

Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the soft palate?

A

Non-keratenized

157
Q

Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the hard palate?

A

Keratinised

158
Q

Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the gingeva?

A

Keratinised

159
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands?

A

Spread in the basal lamina of the mucosa

160
Q

What is the mandible effected by?

A

Age, teeth and mastication

161
Q

What kind of joint is the temporalmandibular joint?

A

Synovial joint, mobile joint

162
Q

Two types of fixed joints?

A

Sutures and gomphosis

163
Q

What are gumphosis?

A

The joint between the teeth and the gum

164
Q

Different name for freely movable joint?

A

Diarthrosis

165
Q

Different name for slightly moveable joint?

A

Amphiarthrosis

166
Q

Different name for fixed joint?

A

Synarthrosis

167
Q

What is the inner surface of the joint capsule of the temper-mandibular joint covered by?

A

Synovial membrane

168
Q

What kind of joint is the temporomandibular joint?

A

Condyle joint

169
Q

Do all synovial joints have articular discs?

A

No

170
Q

What is it believed the articular disc does in the TMJ?

A

Helps stabilise the condyle within the temporomandibular joint

171
Q

What kind of movement allows for the elevation and depression of the TMJ? (opening and closing of the jaws)

A

Rotational movement

172
Q

What does translation of the condyle in the TMJ do?

A

Protrusion and retraction

173
Q

What kind of movement is needed for maximum opening of the mouth?

A

Both translation and rotation

174
Q

What are branchial or pharyngeal arches made from?

A

Outer ectodermal layer
Inner endodermal layer
Mesodermal layer (in between)

175
Q

What is the superficial boundary between head and neck?

A

Pericraniocervical line

176
Q

What are diploic bones?

A

Bones formed by two tables or plates of compact bone enclosing dense marrow

177
Q

Where does the pericraniocervical line pass?

A

Through the inferior border of the mandible
Extends from the angle of the mandible to the apex of mated process and follows the superior nuchal line, reaching the external occipital protuberance

178
Q

Are the ears part of the face or cranium?

A

Face

179
Q

What is the first part of the trunk?

A

The neck

180
Q

Where is the neck located?

A

Between the head, thorax and upper limbs

181
Q

What is the superficial boundary between the neck and the thorax?

A

The inferior border of the neck

182
Q

What separates the anterior and posterior part of the neck?

A

The insertion of the trapezius

183
Q

Where is the neck proper located?

A

Between
Anteriorly: anterior cervical region
Posteriorly: sternocleidomastoid and lateral cervical regions

184
Q

Different name for posterior cervical region of the neck

A

Nuchal region

185
Q

What kind of bone is the lacrimal bone?

A

Flat bone

186
Q

What kind of bone is the vomer

A

Flat bone

187
Q

What kind of bone is the hyoid bone?

A

Irregular

188
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A

The neck

189
Q

What is the cranial base initially formed by?

A

Hyaline cartilage

190
Q

What does the cranial base derive from?

A

The chordal and prechordal skeleton

191
Q

What kind of ossification does the calvaria have?

A

Membranous

192
Q

Which cells are required for the development of the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

Cells of the neural crest

193
Q

What kind of ossification does the frontal bone develop by?

A

Membranous ossification

194
Q

What kind of ossification does the ethmoid bone develop by?

A

Endochondral ossification

195
Q

What kind of ossification does the sphenoid bone develop by?

A

Some of it by endochondral ossification and some by membranous ossification

196
Q

What kind of ossification does the occipital bone develop by?

A

The part around the foramen magnum: endochondral ossification
Other parts: membranous ossification

197
Q

What kind of ossification does the parietal bone develop by?

A

Membranous ossification

198
Q

What kind of ossification does the temporal bone develop by?

A

Some parts by endochondral ossification and some parts by membranous ossification

199
Q

What kind of ossification does the maxilla bone develop by?

A

Membranous ossification

200
Q

How many main ossification centers in the maxilla?

A

5

201
Q

What kind of ossification does the zygomatic bone develop by?

A

Membranous

202
Q

How many ossification centers appear from the zygomatic bone during the second month of intrauterin life? and when do they fuse together?

A

3
They fuse together around the fifth month

203
Q

What kind of ossification does the palatine bone develop by?

A

Membranous

204
Q

What kind of ossification does the nasal bone develop by?

A

Membranous

205
Q

What kind of ossification does the lacrimal bone develop by?

A

Membranous

206
Q

What kind of ossification does the inferior nasal concha develop by?

A

Endochondral ossification

207
Q

What kind of ossification does the vomer develop by?

A

Membranous ossification

208
Q

What kind of ossification does the mandible develop by?

A

Membranous ossification
Mantellar ossification around Meckel’s cartilage
Endochondral ossification by the auditory ossicles

209
Q

What kind of ossification does the hyoid bone develop by?

A

Endochondral ossification

210
Q

From where do the bones of the auditory ossicles derive?

A

Distal portion of the Reichert’s cartilage

211
Q

Difference between a cleft lip and cleft palate

A

Cleft lip is visible from the outside, its the lip that is split
Cleft palate is the roof of the mouth (the palate) being split and opening to the nasal cavity

212
Q

Are the bones of the calvaria completely welded at birth?

A

No, fibrous connective tissue is present between them

213
Q

Which is the most remarkable sex difference in the skull?

A

Muscle insertion points
They are more prominent in males than females

214
Q

What is the lowest point of the infraorbital margin?

A

Orbital point

215
Q

Which craniometric point is the median point of the anterior border of the foramen magnum?

A

Basion

216
Q

Do monozygotic twins have different frontal sinuses?

A

Yes

217
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

The floor of the anterior cranial fossa
The anterior part of the calvaria
Most of the roof of the orbital and nasal cavities

218
Q

What is the superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which protrudes into the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Crista galli

219
Q

Is the ethmoid bone part of the neurocranium or viscerocranium?

A

Both

220
Q

What is the part of the maxilla called where the teeth attach?

A

The dental arcade

221
Q

Which is the only cranial bone joined through synovial junctions or diarthrosis?

A

Mandible

222
Q

What bone is the pterygoid plate part of?

A

Sphenoid bone

223
Q

Which foramen are in the superior wall of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum

224
Q

Which foramen is in the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa?

A

Foramen rotunda

225
Q

What do the lesser palatine canals open into?

A

The oral cavity

226
Q

Which bones make up the temporal fossa?

A

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone

227
Q

Which foramen are in the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?

A

Mandibular foramen

228
Q

What kind of muscles are the facial muscles?

A

Cutaneous

229
Q

Which nerve are the facial muscles innervated by?

A

Facial nerve

230
Q

Palpebral muscles

A

Orbivularis oculi
Depressor supercilii
Corrugator supercilii
Orbital muscle

231
Q

4 muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

232
Q

What do the masticatory muscles act on?

A

The mandible

233
Q

What are the masticatory muscles innervated by?

A

The third branch of the trigeminal nerve (the mandibular nerve)

234
Q

What shape does temporals have?

A

Shape of a fan

235
Q

What are the insertions of the temporals?

A

Fibers originate from large temporal area and converge inferiorly, passing medially to the zygomatic arch and insert on the coronoid process of the mandible

236
Q

What are the insertions of the masseter?

A

Originates from the anterior and inferior part of the inferior margin of the zygomatic arch
Insert at the masseteric tuberosity of the ramus of the mandible

237
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the movement for the hyoid bone and the larynx?

A

Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

238
Q

4 supra hyoid muscles

A

Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

239
Q

2 parts of the digastric muscle

A

Anterior belly
Posterior belly

240
Q

What does the geniohyoid muscle contribute to the formation of?

A

The floor of the mouth

241
Q

Where are the infrahyoid muscle located?

A

Between the hyoid bone and the thorax

242
Q

4 infra hyoid muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

243
Q

Which is the most medial of the hyoid muscles?

A

The sternohyoid

244
Q

Which is the most lateral of the hyoid muscles?

A

The omohyoid

245
Q

3 parts of the omohyoid

A

Superior belly
Intermediate tendon
Inferior belly

246
Q

Where are the pre vertebral muscle located?

A

Deep in the neck on the anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae and first thoracic vertebrae

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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