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Human anatomy and organogenesis > The lower limb > Flashcards

The lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

Where L5 meets S1

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2
Q

Where does the head of the femur go into?

A

Acetabulum

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3
Q

Why is extension of the leg limited?

A

Because of the ligaments and their fibers direction

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4
Q

What happens to the ischiofemoral ligament during flexion?

A

They are completely relaxed

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5
Q

What can be used to distinguish left and right femur?

A

The head as it looks medial

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6
Q

What is the area on the back of the knees called?

A

The popliteal region

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7
Q

Are the condyles at the end of the femur large or small?

A

Large

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8
Q

Why are the condyles of the femur more developed/rounded on the posterior side?

A

Flexion of the knee is much more extended than extension so there is need for more surface of the condyle of the posterior

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9
Q

What can vary a lot from person to person in the femur?

A

The angle of the head

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10
Q

What is the normal range for the angle of the head of the femur?

A

135-120c

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11
Q

What is it called when a person has a larger angle of the femur head?

A

Coax valga

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12
Q

What is it called when a person has a smaller angle of the femur head?

A

Coxa vara

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13
Q

Latin name for hip

A

Coxa

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14
Q

What effect does the angle of the head of the femur have?

A

Postural alignment of the femur with the tibia at the level of the knee

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15
Q

What consequences does the angle of the femur head being out of the norm have?

A

Walking
Alignment
Cartilage (inflammation and uneven usage)
Chronic inflammation of the joint

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16
Q

2 internal muscles of the hip

A

Ileo-psoas
Psoas minor

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17
Q

How many layers of external muscles of the hip?

A

3 (superficial, intermediate and deep)

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18
Q

Which is the main extensor of the hip?

A

Gluteus maximus

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19
Q

Which muscles in the superficial layer of the hip?

A

Tensor fasciae latae
Gleutus maximus

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20
Q

Which muscle makes up the intermediate muscle layer of the hip?

A

Gluten medius

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21
Q

Which muscle layers provides the stability and rotation of the hip?

A

The deep and intermedial layer

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22
Q

How are most of our movement driven?

A

Automatically

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23
Q

What kind of muscles are the muscles of the hip?

A

Voluntary, striated, skeletory muscles

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24
Q

3 groups of muscles of the thighs

A

Anterior
Posterior
Medial

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25
Q

What do the anterior muscles of the thigh do to the hip and knee?

A

Extensor of the knee
Flexor of the hip

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26
Q

What do the posterior muscles of the thigh do to the hip and knee?

A

Extensor of the hip
Flexor of the knee

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27
Q

Origin and insertion of the different heads of the quadricep

A

The origin is different but the insertion is the same in one tendon which attached to the tibia below the patella (which it makes an envelope around)

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28
Q

Where In the legs are the adductors located?

A

In the thigh

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29
Q

What is the hole created by the adductor tendons above the knee called?

A

Adductor hiatus

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30
Q

Where does the femoral artery enter in the thigh?

A

The adductor canal

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31
Q

Where does the femoral artery for from being superficial anterior to posterior?

A

After passing through the adductor canal

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32
Q

What is the femoral artery called after it goes through the adductor canal

A

Popletral artery

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33
Q

Which muscle of the lower limb is the equivalent to the deltoid in the shoulder?

A

Gluteus maximus

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34
Q

What are the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

Abductors

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35
Q

Which does the lateral stabilisation of the leg?

A

Ilotibial tract

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36
Q

Most powerful extensor of the knee?

A

Quadricep

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37
Q

What is the hamstring?

A

Collective name for the posterior leg muscles

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38
Q

Does the fibula participate in the knee?

A

No

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39
Q

What makes up the knee?

A

Femurtibial joint and the patella

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40
Q

What is the lateral malleolus?

A
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41
Q

Are there knee ligaments that attach to the fibula?

A

Yes

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42
Q

What is the patella ligament?

A

Ligament of quadriceps

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43
Q

Where are the cruciate ligament found?

A

Inside the knee joint

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44
Q

What is the crossing of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Atero-posterior (saggital)

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45
Q

Which is the anterior cruciate ligament?

A

The one that attaches anteriorly on the tibia

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46
Q

Which surface is longest in the knee joint?

A

The femoral articular surface

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47
Q

What keeps the tibia steady and in place?

A

The cruciate ligaments

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48
Q

Where are the menisi thinner?

A

Medially

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49
Q

3 types of bones in the foot

A

Antetarsus (phalanges)
Metatarsus (metatarsal bones
Tarsus (tarsal bones)

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50
Q

3 sections of the foot

A

Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot

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51
Q

Which is the most powerful tendon?

A

Archilles tendon

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52
Q

Where does the Achilles tendon attach?

A

Posterior part of the calcaneus

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53
Q

4 parts of the lower limg

A

Hip
Thigh
Leg
Foot

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54
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the thigh?

A

The femur

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55
Q

What makes up the skeleton of the legs?

A

Tibia
Fibula
Patella

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56
Q

3 groups of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges

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57
Q

3 primordial of the hip bone

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis

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58
Q

Name of the cavity that receives the femur and welding point of the 3 bones of the hip

A

Acetabulum

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59
Q

What is the acetabulum notch the fusion point of?

A

The pubis and ischium

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60
Q

Name of the large foramen below the acetabulum

A

Oburator foramen

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61
Q

Shape of oburator foramen in males and females

A

Males: oval
Females: triangular

62
Q

What fills out most of the oburator?

A

The oburator membrane

63
Q

What passes through the oburator canal?

A

The oburator neurovascular bundle

64
Q

Largest part of the hipbones?

A

Ilium

65
Q

What are the 4 parts if the iliac crest?

A

The inner lip
Intermediate zone
Outer lip
Tuberculum of iliac crest

66
Q

What part of the hip can easily be felt from the outside?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

67
Q

Different name for wing of the ilium

A

Ala

68
Q

Different name for hipbone

A

Coxal bone

69
Q

How many lines on the gluteal surface and their names?

A

Anterior gluteal line
Inferior gluteal line
Posterior gluteal line

70
Q

Name of the internal surface of the iliac

A

Iliac fossa

71
Q

Which is the inferior posterior part of the hip bone?

A

The ischium

72
Q

2 parts of the ischium

A

Body
Ramus

73
Q

Which parts of the hip bone make up the oburator foramen?

A

Ischium
Pubis

74
Q

What forms the deep notch (greater sciatic notch) of the hip bone?

A

Ischium (above the ischial spine)
Ilium (body)

75
Q

Where is the lesser sciatic notch found?

A

Below the ischial spine

76
Q

What transforms the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramen?

A

Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

77
Q

What represents the ventral portion of the hip bone?

A

The pubis

78
Q

What does the spermatic cord cross superiorly?

A

The pubic tubercle

79
Q

What makes up the pelvis?

A

Hipbone
Pubic symphysis
Sacrum
Coccyx

80
Q

Which is the true pelvis?

A

The lesser pelvis

81
Q

2 parts of pelvis

A

Greater pelvis
Lesser pelvis

82
Q

In which part of the pelvis is the iliac fossa?

A

The greater pelvis

83
Q

What are the borders of the lesser pelvis?

A

Superiorly: the pelvic inlet
Inferiorly: the pelvic outlet

84
Q

What is the name of the big hole of the pelvis when seen from above?

A

The pelvic inlet

85
Q

What is the name of the big hole of the pelvis when seen from below?

A

The pelvic outlet

86
Q

What is pelvimetry?

A

The measurement of the size and capacity of the pelvis

87
Q

Which is the most voluminous long bone in the body?

A

Femur

88
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the femur called?

A

Anterior
Posterolateral
Posteromedial

89
Q

Which border of the femur is rough?

A

The posterior

90
Q

Name of the posterior border of the femur

A

Aspera

91
Q

What 4 things does the proximal end of the femur consist of?

A

Head
Neck
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter

92
Q

Name of the two condyles on the distal end of the femur

A

Lateral
Medial

93
Q

Name of the fossa on the distal end of the femur

A

Intercondylar fossa

94
Q

Which is the largest sesamoid bone?

A

The patella

95
Q

Which surface of the patella is convex?

A

The anterior

96
Q

Which way does the base of the patella face?

A

Upward

97
Q

Which is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?

A

The tibia

98
Q

Which bone of the leg is located medially?

A

The Tibia

99
Q

Which part of the shaft of the tibia is more voluminous?

A

The top

100
Q

Which extremity of the tibia is the smaller one?

A

The distal

101
Q

Does the fibula participate directly in supporting the weight of the body?

A

No

102
Q

Where does the tendon for the gluteal Maximus attach?

A

Gluteal tuberosity

103
Q

How many muscles attach to the line aspera of the femur?

A

4

104
Q

Which is the bone that transmits the body weight onto the foot?

A

The talus

105
Q

What kind of bone is the talus?

A

Short bone

106
Q

What does the sacroiliac joint connect?

A

The two hip bones with the sacrum

107
Q

What is the head of the femur covered by?

A

Hayline cartilage

108
Q

Does the entire cavity of the acetabulum articulate with the head of the femur?

A

No

109
Q

What kind of movement does the sacroiliac joint allow for?

A

Sliding movement

110
Q

Is the hip joint stable?

A

Yes

111
Q

Which movements are allowed by the hip joint?

A

Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction

112
Q

Which is the largest and most complex joint in the body?

A

Knee

113
Q

Name of the joint between the patellar surface of the femur and the articular surface of the patella

A

Patellofemoral joint

114
Q

Name of the joint between the condyles of the femur and the superior articular surface of the tibia

A

Tibiofemoral joint

115
Q

What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Hinge or trochlea joint

116
Q

What attaches the patella to the tibia?

A

The patellar ligament

117
Q

Name of the two menisci

A

Lateral
Medial

118
Q

What shape do the menisci have?

A

Semilunar

119
Q

Which menisci is wider?

A

The medial

120
Q

Which menisci moves the most?

A

The lateral

121
Q

What joins the anterior ends of the 2 menisci?

A

Transverse ligament of the knee

122
Q

Which 3 bones make up the knee joint?

A

Femur
Patella
Tibia

123
Q

What tendon overlies the patella bone?

A

The quadriceps tendon

124
Q

What does the patella ligament and quadriceps tendon attach to?

A

The tibial tuberosity

125
Q

Where is the supra patella bursa found?

A

Above the patella

126
Q

Where is the pre patella bursa found?

A

On top of the patella bone, below the tendons

127
Q

Where are the deep and superficial infra patella bursa found?

A

Below the patella

128
Q

Which ligament prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur?

A

The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

129
Q

Where does the ACL attach?

A

Back of the femur and front of tibia

130
Q

Where does the PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) attach?

A

Femur to back of the tibia

131
Q

What prevents the knee from hyper extending (the tibia going behind the femur)?

A

The PCL

132
Q

Which direction does the ACL move (LAMP)?

A

Medially

133
Q

Which way does the PCL move (LAMP)?

A

Laterally

134
Q

4 functions of the meniscus

A

Shock absorber
Allows for congruency between joint surfaces
Enhances joint stability
Aids in distribution of synovial fluids

135
Q

What movements does the knee joint allow for?

A

Flexion and extension
Internal and external rotation

136
Q

What kind of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?

A

Plane joint

137
Q

What is the distal tibiofibular joint typically considered?

A

A syndesmosis

138
Q

What kind of joint is the angle joint?

A

Hinge joint

139
Q

What are the 3 groups of bones in the foot?

A

Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

140
Q

Which way does the head of the femur look?

A

Medial

141
Q

Where on the femur does the tendon for glutes Maximus attach?

A

Gluteal tuberosity

142
Q

Is the round surface of the femur more developed on the anterior or posterior part?

A

Posterior part

143
Q

What part of the acetabulum is the weight when standing?

A

The roof

144
Q

Where do most of the muscles of the hip originate and insert?

A

Originate: vertebral column and pelvis
Insert: femur

145
Q

4 heads of quadriceps femoris

A

Rectus femoris (superior medial)
Vastus lateralis (inferior lateral)
Vastus medialis (inferior medial)
Vastus intermedius (deep)

146
Q

Names of the 4 adductor muscles

A

Adductor longs
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Adductor minimus

147
Q

Where do all 3 glute muscle originate and insert?

A

Originate: back of the illium
Insert: femur

148
Q

Which is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Satorius

149
Q

Which part of the quadriceps does not originate on the femur?

A

The rectus femoris which originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine

150
Q

Which is the most lateral hamstring muscle?

A

Biceps femrois

151
Q
A

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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