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Human anatomy and organogenesis > The back region > Flashcards

The back region Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term back include?

A

Whole posterior aspect of the trunk and neck

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2
Q

What makes up the back?(7)

A

Spine
Discs
Nerves
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Fasciae

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3
Q

Where are the organs located compared to the spine?

A

Anterior

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4
Q

What is the position when we stand up kept by?

A

Active energy consumption

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5
Q

How many muscles are in the posterior part of the neck?

A

7

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6
Q

Which movement is flexion of the trunk?

A

Forward

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7
Q

Which movement is extension of the trunk?

A

Backward

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8
Q

Which are the primary movements of the back?

A

Flexion/extension
Lateral bending
Rotation of the trunk

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9
Q

What is fascia?

A

Layer of connective tissue that makes envelopes to the different muscles and groups of muscles
Allows muscles to act independently of eachother

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10
Q

2 parts of the abdomio-pelvic cavity

A

Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

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11
Q

2 main parts of the ventral cavity

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic cavity

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12
Q

2 parts of the dorsal cavity

A

Spinal cavity
Cranial cavity

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13
Q

What is the middle region og the back called?

A

Main part: vertebral region
Lower back: Sacral region
Bottom part: anal region

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14
Q

What kind of border is between the skull and the spine?

A

A conventional operation, there is no real separation as they are continuous

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15
Q

How does the occipital bone articulate with the spine?

A

The condyles at the bottom by the foramen magnum

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16
Q

Different name for C1?

A

Atlas

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17
Q

What kind of movement does plane joints allow for?

A

Sliding
Uniaxial

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18
Q

What kind of joints are in the spine?

A

Plane joints

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19
Q

What allows for the complex movements of the spine?

A

Plane joints in series alternating directions allowing for movement in all directions

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20
Q

Example of ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder
Hips

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21
Q

Which joints allow the widest movement in our body?

A

Ball and socket (shoulder)

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22
Q

What do you loose when increasing movability of a joint?

A

Stability
The less moveable the stable it is

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23
Q

What are the condyles on the occipital bone convex or concave?

A

Convex

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24
Q

What are the condyles on the atlas bone convex or concave?

A

Concave

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25
Q

What allows for turning of the head?

A

Median atlantoaxial joint (joint between atlas and axis (C1 and C2) where the atlas rotates, pivots around the dens

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26
Q

What allows for the flexing and extension of the neck?

A

The condyles of the occipital bone and atlas bone

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27
Q

What are the 7 first vertebrae’s grouped as?

A

Cervial

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28
Q

What are the 12 middle vertebrae’s grouped as?

A

Thoracic/ dorsal

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29
Q

What are the 5 last vertebrae’s grouped as?

A

Lumbar

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30
Q

What does the sacrum derive from?

A

5 vertebres fused together

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31
Q

What is the spine used for by all doctors?

A

As a point of reference benchmark, a landmark

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32
Q

What is the sacrum part of?

A

Spine and pelvis

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33
Q

What connects the spine to the pelvis?

A

The sacrum

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34
Q

From what view is the spine perfectly vertical?

A

Anterior and posterior

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35
Q

From what view is the spine not vertical, curvy?

A

Lateral

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36
Q

What is the cervical tract called?

A

Cervical lordosis

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37
Q

What is the Thoracic tract called?

A

Thoracic kyphosis

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38
Q

What is the lumbar tract called?

A

Lumbar lordosis

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39
Q

What is a lordosis?

A

Curvature of the spine where the convex part is anterior

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40
Q

What is a kyphosis?

A

Curvature of the spine where the convex part is posterior

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41
Q

What is the whole spine like in a newborn?

A

Kyophases

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42
Q

What is excessive lordosis?

A

Excessive curvature of the spine posteriorly (backwards bent)

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43
Q

What is excessive kyphosis?

A

Excessive curvature of the spine anteriorly (forward bent)

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44
Q

What is the canal formed by the vertebrae called?

A

Vertebral canal

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45
Q

What does the vertebral arch consist of?

A

Pedicle
Lamina

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46
Q

What is the boney part we can feel on our back of the spine called?

A

Spinous process

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47
Q

Names of the two parts of the articular process

A

Superior articular process
Inferior articular process

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48
Q

Which is the only vertebra that has no body?

A

Atlas

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49
Q

What is the upwards process on the C2 (axis) called?

A

Dens

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50
Q

Why does atlas not have a body?

A

Because it articulates with Axis through the process called Dens which goes where the body would have

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51
Q

What keeps the dens in place when rotating?

A

Transverse ligament of atlas

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52
Q

What kind of trauma typically breaks the dense?

A

Compression trauma
Like from diving in too low water

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53
Q

Where does the vertebral artery pass through?

A

Foramen only found in the cervical vertebrae (foramen transversarium)

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54
Q

What does the rib articulate with?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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55
Q

Why is back pain typically in the lower part of the spine (lumbar)?

A

Because of forces of compression and gravity all goes there

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56
Q

Why are the vertebrae thicker towards the bottom of the spine (in the lumbar)?

A

Because the load on them is heavier

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57
Q

How many foramen in the sacrum?

A

4 (on each side)

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58
Q

Are joints always moving?

A

No, its a boundary through two bones

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59
Q

What do the foramen in the sacrum allow for?

A

Passage of nerves

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60
Q

Do all vertebrae have intervertebral discs?

A

Yes

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61
Q

What are the two components of intervertebral discs?

A

Central and peripheral

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62
Q

What is the peripheral part of the intervertebral disc made of?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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63
Q

What is the central part of the intervertebral disc made of?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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64
Q

What keeps the shape of the intervertebral disc?

A

Anulus fibrosus

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65
Q

Are there ligaments between the lamina of the vertabae?

A

Yes

66
Q

Why are the ligaments between the lamina (ligamentum flavum) yellow?

A

Because they are rich in elastic fibers

67
Q

What are the ligaments between C1-C2 and cranium called?

A

Cranio-spinal ligaments

68
Q

What is the cruciform ligament made up of?

A

Alar ligament and transverse ligament of the atlas

69
Q

What is flexion of lower cervical vertebrae limited by?

A

Limited by the laminae

70
Q

What is extension of lower cervical vertebrae limited by?

A

Limited by the spinous processes

71
Q

Which part of the spine is most moveable?

A

Lumbar and cervical

72
Q

Degree of flexion of cervical

A

40

73
Q

Degree of flexion of thoracic

A

40

74
Q

Degree of flexion of lumbar

A

60

75
Q

Degree of extension of cervical

A

45

76
Q

Degree of extension of thoracic

A

15

77
Q

Degree of extension of lumbar

A

30

78
Q

Degree of lateral inclination of cervical

A

40

79
Q

Degree of lateral inclination of thoracic

A

35

80
Q

Degree of lateral inclination of lumbar

A

15

81
Q

Where does the spinal chord stop?

A

Disc between L2 and L3

82
Q

How many layers of muscle is there in the back?

A

3

83
Q

Which is the biggest muscle in our body?

A

Latissimus dorsi

84
Q

Which layer of muscle in the back has the most function?

A

Superficial

85
Q

What is the envelope of the muscle?

A

Fascia

86
Q

Where in the back is the fascia very thick?

A

Posterior:
Thoracolumbar fascia

87
Q

Two categories of back muscles

A

Extrinsic
Intrinsic

88
Q

What muscles are antigravital and have both hands of the muscle in the back?

A

Intrinsic

89
Q

What muscles have origin in the back but insertion somewhere else?

A

Extrinsic

90
Q

Which kind of muscle make movement?

A

Agonist

91
Q

Which type of muscle make the opposite movement?

A

Antagonist

92
Q

Which muscles are under voluntary control?

A

Skeletal

93
Q

Which is the most medial of the muscles of the intermediate layer of the back?

A

Spinalis

94
Q

Which muscles form the intermediate layer of the back?

A

Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

95
Q

Which muscle form the deep layer of the back?

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

96
Q

How many muscles on each sub-occipital triangle?

A

4

97
Q

Are the muscle of the sub-occipital triangle coupled?

A

Yes

98
Q

Which group of muscles in comparison to the axis are flexors?

A

Anterior

99
Q

Which group of muscles in comparison to the axis are extendors?

A

Posterior

100
Q

What is the total inclination of the spine?

A

80 degree

101
Q

How does the thickness of the intervertebral disc affect the degree of displacement?

A

The bigger the disc the larger the angle
The smaller the disc the smaller the angle

102
Q

How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the thoracic segment?

A

Flexion and extension is poor
Lateral inclination is good
Rotation is moderate

103
Q

How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the cervical segment?

A

Flexion and extension is good
Lateral inclination is good
Rotation is good

104
Q

How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the lumbar segment?

A

Flexion and extension is good
Lateral inclination is moderate
Rotation is poor

105
Q

Why does mobility vary in the various segments of the vertebral column?

A

Size/thickness of intervertebral discs
Length and spacing between spinous processes

106
Q

What is the plane of movement for the spine during flexion and extension?

A

Sagittal

107
Q

What is the axis of rotation of the spine during flexion and extension?

A

Transvere

108
Q

Degree of total flexion of the vertebral column

A

140

109
Q

Degree of total extension of the vertebral column

A

90

110
Q

What is the axis of rotation of the spine during lateral inclination ?

A

Sagittal

111
Q

What is the plane of movement for the spine during lateral inclination?

A

Frontal

112
Q

Does the lateral inclination of the vertebral column show the same amplitude in both sides?

A

Yes however scoliosis may limit it in one or both sides

113
Q

How many vertebrae?

A

33 or 34

114
Q

What kind of bone marrow does vertebrae contain?

A

Red bone marrow

115
Q

Is the vertebral column a site of hematopoieis?

A

Yes because it consists of red bone marrow

116
Q

What is the 7th cervical vertebrae known as?

A

Vertebra prominens

117
Q

Why are the 2 kyphosis also referred to as primary curvatures?

A

Because they curve in the same way as fetus’ which only have kyphoses present

118
Q

What are the lordosis also called?

A

Secondary/compensatory curvatures

119
Q

When do lordosis develop?

A

After birth
Cervical lordosis: 3-4th months
Lumbar: 6-9th months

120
Q

What does the promontory of the base of the sacrum correspond to?

A

The center of gravity

121
Q

Which parts of the vertebral column are fused together?

A

The sacrum
The coccyx

122
Q

What kind of bones are vetebra?

A

Short bone

123
Q

What forms the vertebral canal?

A

The vertebral foramen

124
Q

In which direction does the size of the vertebral disc increase?

A

Craniocaudal (going downwards)

125
Q

Which vertebra are the smallest?

A

The cervical

126
Q

Why is the 7th cervical vertebra also known as vertebra prominens?

A

Because its spinous process (which is not bifid) is long and protrudes posteriorly ending in a tubercle

127
Q

Do all thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs?

A

Yes

128
Q

Which kind of vertebra have the smallest vertebral foramen?

A

Thoracic

129
Q

What 3 processes replace the transverse process in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Costal
Mammillary
Accessory

130
Q

Which vertebral notch of the pedicle is deeper in the lumbar vertebrae?

A

The inferior vertebral notch

131
Q

What is the last segment of the vertebral column?

A

The coccyx

132
Q

Where does the vertebral canal extend from and to?

A

The foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus

133
Q

What is the functional spinal unit?

A

Smallest segment of movement, consists of 2 contiguous vertebrae

134
Q

What does FSU stand for?

A

Functional spinal unit

135
Q

What can the FSU be divided into?

A

The anterior crus
The posterior crus

136
Q

What does the anterior crus of the FSU contain?

A

The vertebral bodies and disk

137
Q

What does the posterior crus of the FSU contain?

A

Joints of the vertebral arch

138
Q

Which part of the FSU has the static function and what is it?

A

The anterior part, absorb compression

139
Q

Which part of the FSU has the dynamic function and what is it?

A

The posterior crus, directing movement

140
Q

Which vertebral segments develops the latest? (embryology)

A

The sacrum

141
Q

What are the joints between the vertebrae called?

A

Intrinsic joints

142
Q

What are the joints between the vertebrae and the hips, cranium and ribs called?

A

Extrinsic joints

143
Q

Is the nucleus pulpous hard or soft?

A

Soft and gelatinous

144
Q

Is the annulus fibrosus hard or soft?

A

Hard

145
Q

What are the joints between the articular processes of the vertebrae called?

A

Zygapophysial joints

146
Q

What kind of joints are Zygapophysial joints?

A

Plane joints

147
Q

The 4 remote ligaments of the spine

A

Ligamenta flava
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligaments

148
Q

What kind of joints is the Atlanto-occipital joint?

A

2 synovial joints

149
Q

What is the Atlanto-occipital joint primarily involved with?

A

The flexion and extension movements of the head

150
Q

What is the joint between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum called?

A

Lumbosacral joint

151
Q

What is the joint between the apex of the sacrum and the superior intervertebral surface of the first coccygeal vertebra called?

A

Sacrococcygeal joint

152
Q

Which are the muscles of the back proper?

A

The ones that originate and insert on the vertebral column

153
Q

Which are the 3 erector spinae?

A

Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis

154
Q

Which is the most medial erector spinae?

A

Spinalis

155
Q

What does the spinals attach to?

A

The spinous process

156
Q

Which is the thickest and longest erector spinae?

A

Longissimus

157
Q

What does the Illiocostalis connect?

A

The ilium to the rib

158
Q

3 muscles of the transversospinalis

A

Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores

159
Q

What does semispinalis connect to?

A

Transverse processes
Spinous processes
(except for one which inserts of the skull)

160
Q

Where are the interspinalis?

A

Between the spinous process of the spine in cervical and lumbar spine

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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