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Human anatomy and organogenesis > Liver and pancreas > Flashcards

Liver and pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of gland is the liver?

A

Exocrine gland

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2
Q

Does the liver have endocrine or exocrine function?

A

Both but mainly exocrine

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3
Q

What is the endocrine function of the liver?

A

Production of thrombin

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4
Q

Why does the liver move during respiration?

A

Due to its relationship with the diaphragm

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5
Q

What kind of the organ is the liver?

A

A solid organ

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6
Q

Name of the capsule of the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

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7
Q

What is the capsule of solid organs made of?

A

Fibrous tissue

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8
Q

Which surfaces of the liver can be grouped as the diaphragmatic surface?

A

The superior, anterior and right

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9
Q

Which surfaces of the liver can be grouped as the visceral surface?

A

Inferior

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10
Q

Aside from the capsule, what covers the liver?

A

The peritoneal

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11
Q

What is the area called which is not covered by the peritoneal and is in direct contact with he diaphragm?

A

The bare area

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12
Q

4 lobes of the liver

A

The left lobe
The right lobe
The caudate lobe
The quadrate lobe

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13
Q

Which is the biggest lobe of the liver?

A

The right

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14
Q

What does the porta hepatis of the liver correspond with?

A

The hilum

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15
Q

What attaches the liver to the diaphragm?

A

Coronary ligament

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16
Q

What separates the right lobe from the quadrate lobe?

A

The gallbladder

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17
Q

What separates the right lobe from the caudate lobe?

A

The inferior vena cava

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18
Q

Where does the round ligament go?

A

From umbilicus to the falciform ligament and left sagittal fissure

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19
Q

Where does the round ligament derive from?

A

The umbilical vein

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20
Q

Where does the ligamentum venous derive from?

A

Ductus venus

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21
Q

Different name of the 2 lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament

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22
Q

Which part of the lesser omentum is thicker and why?

A

The hepatoduodenal ligament because of the vessels running inside

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23
Q

What is the microscopic functional unit of the liver?

A

Hepatic lobule

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24
Q

What borders lobules?

A

Delicate connective tissue septa (arrows) where branches of the hepatic portal vein, artery and bile duct runs

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25
Q

What is the portal vein, portal artery and bile duct grouped as?

A

The portal triad

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26
Q

Which is the widest vessel in the portal triad?

A

The portal vein

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27
Q

What are the capillaries called that drain from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery to the central vein in the hepatic lobule?

A

Sinusoids

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28
Q

What does the central vein drain into?

A

The hepatic vein which drains into the IVC

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29
Q

What drains the hepatic lobule for bile?

A

The bile duct

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30
Q

Main cells of the liver

A

Hepatocytes

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31
Q

What forms the wall of the bile ductule?

A

Colangiocytes

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32
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

Storage organ for bile

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33
Q

What kind of functions does the pancreas perform?

A

Endocrine and exocrine

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34
Q

What is the major part of the pancreas, endocrine or exocrine?

A

Exocrine

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35
Q

5 parts of the pancreas

A

Tail
Body
Neck
Head
Uncinate process

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36
Q

Which ligament does the tip of the tail of the pancreas go into?

A

Splenopancreatic ligament

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37
Q

Is the pancreas in direct contact with the stomach?

A

No the ormental bursa separates them

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38
Q

What is the landmark for the emergence of the superior mesenteric vessels?

A

The uncinate process

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39
Q

What does the exocrine part of the pancreas produce?

A

Pancreatic juices

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40
Q

What drains the pancreatic juices?

A

The pancreatic duct

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41
Q

What does the pancreatic duct drain into?

A

Major duodenal papilla

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42
Q

Different name for accessory pancreatic duct

A

Duct of Santorini

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43
Q

What does the accessory pancreatic duct drain into?

A

Minor duodenal papilla

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44
Q

What originates behind the head of the pancreas?

A

The portal vein

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45
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

The small bowel

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46
Q

What joins to form the portal vein?

A

The superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein

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47
Q

Where does the portal pass in relations to the duodenum?

A

Behind (posteriorly)

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48
Q

What does the portal vein enter after passing behind the duodenum?

A

The hepatoduodenal ligament

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49
Q

What kind of gland is the exocrine pancreas?

A

Branched acinar gland

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50
Q

What does the endocrine part of the pancreas consist of?

A

Pancreatic islets of langerhans

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51
Q

What attaches to the pancreatic duct and produced the pancreatic juices

A

Pancreatic acinus

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52
Q

What forms the wall of the acinus?

A

Acinar cells

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53
Q

What does the acinus drain into

A

Intercalated -> interlobular -> interlobular -> pancreatic duct

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54
Q

Which cells are responsible for the production of insulin?

A

Beta cells

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55
Q

Which cells are responsible for the production of glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

56
Q

What forms the major part of the islets of langerhans?

A

Beta cells

57
Q

What forms the central part of the islets of langerhans?

A

Beta cells

58
Q

What forms the peripheral part of the islets of langerhans?

A

Alpha cells

59
Q

What does delta cells produce?

A

Somatostatin, gastrin

60
Q

What does F cells produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

61
Q

Which is the largest full organ in the body?

A

The liver

62
Q

What kind of gland is the liver?

A

Amphicrine gland

63
Q

What cells make up most of the hepatic parenchyma?

A

Hepatocytes

64
Q

7 cell types in the liver

A

Cholamgiocytes
Endothelial cells
Kupffer cells
Ito cells
Pit cells
Stem cells
Hepatocytes

65
Q

What is the capsule that covers the liver called?

A

Fibrous capsule of Glisson

66
Q

Where on the liver does the falciform ligament originate?

A

Superior saggital groove

67
Q

Different name for visceral surface of the liver?

A

Posteroinferior

68
Q

Name of the 3 grooves ont he visceral surface of the liver

A

Right saggital groove
Left saggiato groove
Transverse groove

69
Q

What separates the groove for the vena cava and the fossa for the gallbladder?

A

The caudate process

70
Q

What is the caudate process?

A

Portion of hepatic parenchyma

71
Q

4 impressions on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver

A

Colic
Right kidney
Right suprarenal
Duodenal

72
Q

2 impressions on the visceral surface of the left lobe of the liver

A

Gastric
Oesophageal

73
Q

What 2 impressions are on the quadrate lobe?

A

Pyloric impressions from stomach and duodenum

74
Q

Name of the 2 process on the caudate lobe of the liver

A

Papillary process
Caudate process

75
Q

Different name for inferior border of the liver

A

Acute or sharp border

76
Q

Where on the liver is the vertebral notch found?

A

Posterior border

77
Q

2 major attachments of the liver to the diaphragm

A

Inferior vena cava
Connective tissue

78
Q

Where does the falciform ligament originate?

A

Superior saggiato groove of the diaphragmatic surface of the liver

79
Q

Where does the falciform ligament insert?

A

Inferior surface of the diaphragm
Supraumbilical portion of the anterior abdominal wall

80
Q

Is the falciform ligament considered a suspensory ligament?

A

No

81
Q

What does the left surface of the falciform ligament face?

A

Diaphragmatic surface of the liver

82
Q

What does the right surface of the falciform ligament face?

A

Inferior surface of the diaphragm

83
Q

Which is the true suspensory ligament of the liver?

A

Coronary ligament

84
Q

Where is the coronary ligament placed?

A

Between the posterior border of the liver and the inferior surface of the diaphragm

85
Q

Where does the lesser omentum extend?

A

From the transverse groove of the visceral surface of the liver to the lesser curvature of he stomach and superior part of duodenum

86
Q

2 parts of the lesser omentum

A

Hepatogastric ligament
Hepatoduodenal ligament

87
Q

Which 2 afferent vessels does the liver receive blood?

A

Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper

88
Q

How many efferent vessel systems does the liver have?

A

1

89
Q

Name of the efferent vessel system of the liver

A

Hepatic veins

90
Q

What does the hepatic veins pour into=

A

Inferior vena cava

91
Q

Where do the afferent vessels enter the liver?

A

Porta hépatisations

92
Q

Where does the hepatic veins leave the liver?

A

At the posterior border

93
Q

Where does the hepatic artery proper originate?

A

Continuation of the common hepatic artery

94
Q

Where does the common hepatic artery originate?

A

Celiac trunk

95
Q

Where does the hepatic artery proper bifurcate?

A

Porta hepatis

96
Q

Which of the branches of the hepatic artery proper is larger, left or right?

A

Right

97
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein form?

A

Behind the head or neck of the pancreas

98
Q

What comes together to form the hepatic portal vein?

A

Superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric and splenic veins

99
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein bifurcate?

A

Porta hepatis

100
Q

Do the accessory hepatic portal veins join the main trunk of the hepatic portal vein?

A

No, they enter the intraparenchymal hepatic circulation directly

101
Q

What are the hepatic veins?

A

The emissary veins of the hepatic circulation that drain blood into the IVC

102
Q

Are there lymphatic vessels in the lobules?

A

No

103
Q

How many functional (surgical and radiological) subdivisions are there of the liver?

A

8

104
Q

What does the functional subdivisions of the liver follow?

A

The hepatic veins

105
Q

Are each of the functional subdivisions of the liver individually drained?

A

Yes they have individual venous drainage

106
Q

Where does the majority (75%) of the blood that reaches the liver come from?

A

The hepatic portal vein

107
Q

Which cells represent 80% of the liver cell population?

A

Hepatocytes

108
Q

What are the sinusoids in the liver?

A

Special modified blood capillaries which are richly anastomosed to each other and form a complex interlobular network that bring blood from the periphery to the central vein

109
Q

Which 2 types of cells are found in the space of Disse?

A

Kupffer cells and Hepatic stellate cells

110
Q

Name of the duct that connects the common bile duct and the gallbladder?

A

Cystic duct

111
Q

What connects to form the common bile duct?

A

Left and right hepatic duct

112
Q

Which septic duct is longer, left or right?

A

Left

113
Q

4 portions of the gallbladder

A

Fundus
Body
Infundibulum
Neck

114
Q

Where does the cystic artery originate?

A

The hepatic artery proper

115
Q

Structure of the gallbladder

A

Mucosa
Mucosolaris externa
Serosa

116
Q

Is the serosa of the gallbladder complete or incomplete?

A

Incomplete

117
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in mucosa of the gallbladder?

A

Single layer cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

118
Q

Does the mucosa of the gallbladder have a basal membrane?

A

Yes

119
Q

2 layers of the muscolaris external of the gallbladder?

A

Internal longitudinal layer
External oblique layer

120
Q

2 parts of the cystic duct

A

Spiral fold
Smooth part

121
Q

How does the gallbladder concentrate the bile?

A

Through reabsorption of water and solutes

122
Q

Type of muscles cells the the muscle layer of the gallbladder

A

Smooth muscle cells (not densely packed and alternate with elastic fibers)

123
Q

Relations of the gallbladder

A

Liver
Duodenum

124
Q

What does bile consist of?

A

Water
Bile acids
Bilirubin
Cholesterol
Phopholipids
Electrolytes
Proteins
Other organic solutes

125
Q

What is the main component of bile?

A

Bile acids

126
Q

IS water actively or passively absorbed in the gallbladder?

A

Passively

127
Q

What happens to the concentration of bile in the gallbladder during fasting?

A

It is increasing (and then decreased due to absorption of water) and stored

128
Q

What happens to the concentration of bile in the gallbladder during digestion?

A

It is secreted to the duodenum

129
Q

Where is the pancreas located in relation to the stomach?

A

Posterior

130
Q

2 excretory ducts of the pancreas

A

Accessory pancreatic duct
Main pancreatic duct

131
Q

Why does the pancreas go from greyish to pinkish during digestion?

A

Increased vascularisation

132
Q

Does the head of the pancreas adhere to the duodenal loop?

A

Yes

133
Q

From where does the accessory pancreatic duct originate?

A

Main pancreatic duct

134
Q

Where on the main pancreatic duct does the accessory pancreatic duct originate?

A

Point where it changes direction at the level of the neck of the pancreas

135
Q

What part of the pancreas are relatively mobile?

A

Apex of the tail

136
Q

Branches from which 3 arteries supply the pancreas?

A

Common hepatic artery
Splenic artery
Superior mesenteric artery

137
Q

Which nervous systems is the pancreas innervated by?

A

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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