Cardiovascular system Flashcards
What is the upper body?
Supracardium
What is the lower body?
Infracardium
Why is the heart very vascularised?
Because it is a highly metabolised organ
What part of the vascular system allows for exchange?
Capillaries
Do arteries and veins exchange anything?
No they ar just a conduction system
What do the arteries do?
Bring blood from heart to capillaries
What do the veins do?
Bring blood from capillaries to heart
The two subsystems of the cardiovascular system
Systematic circulation (high pressure)
Pulmonary circulation (low pressure)
What substances are absorbed and brought away from the capillaries?
Catabolic substances
What substances are brought to and diffuse out of the capillaries?
Anabolic substances
What kind of chemical link is oxygenation?
Weak
What kind of chemical link is oxidation?
Strong
Venous system is low or high pressure?
Low
Arterial system is low or high pressure?
High
Why do the walls of arteries and veins differ? and the same for veins located in different part of the body?
Because they have different functions and serve differen purposes
Which is the biggest artery?
Aorta
Which are the biggest veins?
Vena cava
Why are there many branches of capillaries?
To decrease the pressure to make exchange possible as blood flow much be slow
When is smooth muscle needed in vessels?
When we need to regulate vacuolisation
What happens to your heart when you continue training?
It becomes more efficient, their stroke volume increases
Q=?
Q= HR x SV
Q: volume of blood pumped by heart per min
HR: heart rate
SV: stroke volume
Which is the outermost layer of the heart?
Epicardium
Which is the innermost layer of the heart?
Endocardium
Which is the muscular layer of the heart?
Myocardium
Where is the heart located anatomically?
Anterior mediastinum
Main organs in the posterior mediastinum
Bifurcation of trachea
Ascending aorta
Lower part of eophagus
What is the closed serous envelope of the heart called?
Pericardium
How many layers of the pericardium?
2
Where is the pericardium attached?
The diaphragm
What holds the heart and pericardium in place?
The diaphragm
Where does the epicardium from? (organogenesis)
Visceral mesoderm
Where does the parietal pericardium from? (organogenesis)
Somatic mesoderm
2 parts of the pericardium
Epicardium
Parietal serous layer
Where is the heart located (right left)?
It is central but more developed on left side
How much of the heart is on the left side?
2/3
Where is the apex of the heart?
By the 5th rib
Where do the right cavities look?
Anterior
What stems from the base of the heart?
The vessels
Is the base always the lowest point?
No
Is the base of the heart the lowest point?
No
What is the lowest part of the heart?
The apex
Example of places in the body where the base is not the lowest part?
The heart
The uterus (the bottom is the uppermost part)
Which ventricle is larger?
The left
Why can you see the left ventricle when looking from the anterior?
Because it is larger than the right
What is pericardial effusion?
When the pericardium has a built up of fluids which compresses the heart
How can you see the left atrium with an ultrasound?
By putting the ultrasound device down the oesophagus and face it anteriorly
What does the ascending aorta turn into?
The aortic arch
What side of the oesophagus is the descending aorta located?
Left side of the oesophagus
Which is most common: right-dominance, left-dominance or codominance?
Right-dominance
Which is the biggest vein of the heart?
Coronary sinus
Where is the coronary sinus located?
In the posterior coronary grove
What kind of vessel is the coronary sinus?
Venu vessel
Which vein connects all the veins of the heart?
The coronary sinus
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
The right atrium
When do the atrioventricular valves block?
During the systolic phase of the heart
When are the pulmonary and aortic valves open?
During systole
What are the tendentious cords attached to?
The Papillary muscles
Names of the 3 leaflets of the tricuspid valve
Anterior
Posterior
Medial/septal
Thickness of the wall of the left ventricle
8-12 mm
Thickness of the wall of the right ventricle
3-5 mm
What are the valves attached to?
The fibrous skeleton of the heart
What produces heart sounds?
Closing of the valves
Which phase is quicker? systolic or diastolic phase?
Systolic
What do the autorythmic cells do?
They initiate action potentials
What kind of influx do autorythmic cells use for rising phase of the action potential? (normal nerve cells: sodium)
Calcium
What does the P wave correspond to on the electrocardiogram?
The atrial systolic phase (depolarisation of atria)
What does the T wave correspond to on the electrocardiogram?
The depolarisation of the ventricles
What stimulates the heart?
The sympathetic cardioacceleratory center
What inhibits the heart?
The parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
What is the atrial (bainbridge) reflex?
A sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
Which two hormones increase the heart rate?
Epinephrine and thyroxine
Which vessels are efferent?
Arteries
Which vessels are afferent?
Veins
Do veins differ based on their location in reference to the heart?
Yes as the veins below the heart have to work against gravity
Where does the systematic circulation originate?
Left ventricle
Where does the pulmonary circulation originate?
Right ventricle
What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?
2 right and 2 left pulmonary arteries
How many pulmonary veins are there?
2 right and 2 left
What is the circulatory system that brings blood to the body called?
Systematic circulation
What is the circulatory system that brings blood to the lungs called?
Pulmonary circulation
Which part of the heart contains venous blood?
The right heart
Which part of the heart contains arterial blood?
The left heart
Where in the thoracic cavity is the heart?
Mediasternum (anterior)
What is the pericardium fixed to?
The diaphragm
Average heart beats per min in resting conditions?
60-70
Name of the contracting phase
Systole
Name of the relaxation phase
Diastole
Where in the heart is the myocardium more developed?
The ventricles (especially the left one)
What is the apex of the heart made up of?
Exclusively the ledt ventricle
When does coronary circulation mainly occur?
During diastole
What is dominance in the coronary circulation based off of?
Which artery supplies the posterior coronary groove and that area
So where the posterior inter ventricular branches derive from
What happens to the right coronary artery in the case of left dominance?
It ends before reaching the crux cordis
Where does the left coronary artery origante?
Left aortic sinus of ascending aorta
Where does the right coronary artery origante?
Right aortic sinus of ascending aorta
2 important branches of the left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Left circumflex artery (LCX)
4 important branches of the right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending artery (PDA)
Atrioventricular nodal artery
Sinoatrial nodal artery
What innervates the heart?
The cardiac plexus
Where is the cardiac plexus located?
At the base of the heart
Which is the thickest layer o the heart wall?
The mmyocardium
What is the Koch’s triangle delimitated by?
Todaro’s tendon
Septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
Atrioventricular node
What is th moderator band?
Flashy strand of the right ventricle that makes a shorter way for the conduction system to reach the papillary muscle
What separates the atria?
The intertribal septum
What is the fossa in the right atrium called?
Fossa ovalis
What kind of myocardium does the conduction system consist of?
Specific myocardium
Where is the sinuatrial node located?
On the inferior contour of the opening of the superior vena cava (horseshoe shape)
Where is the atrioventricular node located in relations to the Koch’s triangle?
At the apex
Through that kind of junctions does the signal travel from the sinuatrial node to the atrioventricular node?
Gap junctions
Where do the bundle branches carry the impulse towards?
The apex of the heart
Where do the purkinje fibers carry the impulse to?
The heart apex and ventricular walls
What is the sequence of excitation?
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
What is the heart stimulated by?
The sympathetic cardioacceleratory center
What is the heart inhibited by?
The parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
What happens during isovolumetric relaxation of the heart?
The ventricles relax
Semilunar valves are closed because of backflow
What is cardiac reserve?
The difference between resting and maximal CO
What is preload?
The amount the ventricles are stretched by the contained blood
What is contractility?
The cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV
What is afterload?
The back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
Which is the critical factor controlling stroke volume?
Preload (degree of stretch)
What can increase contractility?
Increased sympathetic stimuli
Certain hormones
Ca2+ and some drugs
What can decrease contractility?
Acidosis
Increased extracellular K+
Calcium channel blockers
What do positive chronotropic factors do?
Increase heart rate
What do negative chronotropic factors do?
Decrease heart rate
Example of a positive chronotropic factor
Caffeine
Example of a negative chronotropic factor
Sedatives
What is the atrial (brainbridge) reflex?
A sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
What does the atrial (brainbridge) reflex do?
Causes stimulation of the SA node
Stimulates baroreceptors in the atria causing increased SNS stimulation
2 hormones that increase the heart rate
Epinephrine
Tyroxine
What are collateral branches of arteries?
Branches that originate from the main trunk at an acute angle open towards the periphery and destined to a vascular territory downstream
What are recurrent branches of arteries?
Branches that originate from the main trunk at a straight or obtuse angle and are destined to a vascular territory upstream
What are terminal branches of arteries?
Branches which may terminate or continue into another artery
What are anastomoses?
Connection between arteries
Where does the subclavian artery terminate and continue as the axillary artery?
When it crosses the space between the clavicle and the first rib
Which direction does the arch of the aorta “hook”?
From anterior to posterior
What does the thoracic (depending) aorta continue as at the inferior margin of T12 (aortic hiatus of the diaphragm)?
The abdominal aorta
At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass?
T9
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass?
T10-T11
Does the azygos vein system connect to the inferior vena cava?
No it only articulates with the superior vena cava
What is the venous collection of the intercostal veins?
The azygos vein system
What does the azygos vein system consist of?
The azygos vein
Hemizygos vein
Accessory hemizygos vein
Is the azygos vein system symmetrical?
No, the azygos vein is on the right and drains the right side and the hemizygos and accessory hemizygos drains the left
At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?
The superior margin of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
Where does the internal carotid artery go?
The brain
Where does the external carotid artery go?
The face
Where does the carotid artery enter the brain?
Through the carotid carotid canal in the temporal bone
What forms the neuromuscular bundle of the neck?
The common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
What does the carotid body function as?
A chemoreceptor (detects reduction in partial pressire of O2 and in pH and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2
What part of the brain does the internal carotid arteries vascularise?
The anterior and middle
What vascularises the posterior part of the brain?
The vertebral arteries (main branches of subclavian arteries)
With what direction does the internal carotid artery make a 90 degree turn after entering through the carotid canal?
Anteriorly and medially
What are the 2 systems that vascularise the brain?
The internal carotid artery system
The vertebral system
Do the two systems that vascularise the brain work independently?
No, they connect in the Willis circle
What is the point of the Willis circle?
To ensure that no parts of the brain goes without receiving oxygenated blood (safety system)
What kind of circle is the Willis circle?
An anastomic circle
Where is the Willis circle found?
In the inferior aspect of the brain
What does the Willis circle connect?
The 2 internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery
What does the Willis circle surround?
The optic chiasm and pituitary stalk
Where does the external carotid artery divide?
At the angle of the mandible
Terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
The superficial temporal and maxillary artery
Where does the maxillary artery disappear and reappear ?
It disappears behind the angle of the mandible
What passes through the parotid gland?
The external carotid artery
The facial nerve
Retromandibular veins
Medial/deep branch of the external carotid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
2 posterior branches of the external carotid artery
Occipital
Posterior auricular
3 ventral branches of the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
3 parts of the maxillary artery
Mandibular
Pterygoid
Pterygopalatine
Where does the mandibular artery have its origin?
Behind the ramus of the mandible
What vein drains from the brain
Internal jugular vein
3 arteries which vascularises the thyroid gland
Inferior thyroid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Inconstant lowest thyroid artery
What does the axillary artery turn into and where?
Brachial artery
Inferior margin of the pectorals major
What does the racial artery divide into at the level of the elbow?
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
Is the cephalic vein deep or superficial?
Superficial
What is the cephalic vein called in the dorsal and medial part?
The basilic vein
Where do the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta originate?
The anterior part
Where do the paired branches of the abdominal aorta originate?
Lateral
What do the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta vascularise?
The digestive tract
What do the paired branches of the abdominal aorta vascularise?
The urogenital tract and endocrine organs
3 unpaired unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
Celiac artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
2 paired branches of the abdominal aorta
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
Different name for the internal iliac artery
Hypogastric artery
Which mesenteric artery is the largest?
The superior
Where is the inferior vena cava located with relations to the abdominal aorta?
To the right
Difference between he right and left gastric artery
The left articulates from the celiac trunk
The right articulates from the common hepatic artery
Difference between the rich and left gonadal veins
The left tributes to the left renal vein
The right tributes to the inferior vena cava
Are the veins and the arteries the same in the abdomen?
Yes but they behave differently
2 cardiovascular systems of the liver
Arterial circulatory system,
Portal system
What is the pancreas mainly vascularised by?
The splenic artery
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
At the level of L4
What vascularises the superior part of the rectum?
Superior rectal artery
What is the superior rectal artery a branch of?
The inferior mesenteric artery
What vascularises the middle and lower part of the rectum?
The hypogastric artery
When does the eternal iliac artery become the femoral artery?
When it passes below the inguinal ligament
When does the femoral artery change name to the popliteal artery?
When it emerges in the back of the knee (adductor canal)
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
Tibial artery
Fibular artery
What vascularises the plantar part of the foot?
The posterior tibial artery
What vascularises the dorsal part of the foot?
The anterior tibial artery
2 types of superficial veins in the lower limbs
Smaller saphenous veins
Greater saphenous veins
What doe the smaller saphenous veins open into?
The popliteal vein
What do the greater saphenous veins open into?
The femoral vein
What does the superior mesenteric artery vascularise?
The ascending and transverse colon
What does the inferior mesenteric artery vascularises?
The descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Superior part of the rectum
What do the inferior phrenic artery branch into?
The superior suprarenal arteries
What does the celiac trunk branch into?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
What does the common hepatic artery branch into?
The hepatic artery proper
The Right gastric artery
What branches from the renal arteries?
The inferior suprarenal arteries
What happens to the veins that drain the inferior GI tract (nutrient rich)?
It will go to the liver to deliver the nutrients
Through which vein is the poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich blood brought to the liver?
The portal veins
Where does the splenic artery pass?
Above the upper margin of the pancreas
What vascularises the body and tail of the pancreas?
The splenic artery
What vascularises the head of the pancreas?
Right gastro epiploic artery
What is the posterior face of the stomach vascularised by?
Splenic artery
What is the greater curvature of the stomach vascularised by?
Left and right gastro epiploic artery
Which branch of the internal iliac artery enters the pelvic floor?
Internal pudendal artery
Which branch of the internal iliac artery vascularises the head of the femur?
The obturator
What is the name of the artery branch that branches from the vaginal artery? (in females)
Inferior vesical branch
What does the inferior vesical artery branch into? (in males)
Seminal vesicles
Prostate artery
What branches from the umbilical artery in males?
Superior vesicles
Ductus deferens artery
What branches from the umbilical artery in females?
Superior vesicles
Is the femoral artery deep or superficial?
It starts out superficial and then gets deeper and deeper
What does the brachiocephalic census trunk emerge from?
The anastomosis of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
Which brachiocephalic vein is longer?
Left because the SVC is on the right so it has a longer way
Where do the intercostal arteries arise from?
The thoracic artery
What is the third venous inlet inside the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
How many papillary muscles in the right ventricle?
3
How many papillary muscles in the left ventricle?
2
Where does the coronary artery branch from?
The ascending aorta
2 branches from the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
What does the marginal artery branch off of cardiac vascularisation)
The right coronary artery
What are the fat filled grooves of the heart called?
The sulcus
