The Skeletal System

Question 1

name the 5 different bone structure shapes

Answer 1

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Question 2

The long bone consists of 2 epiphysis - _____ and _____ with the _____ (the main part of the bone) in between .

Answer 2

proximal
distal
diaphysis

Question 3

The long bone is covered by _____ cartilage

Answer 3

articular

Question 4

_____ is the tough outer layer surrounding the long bone which continues with ligaments and tendons

Answer 4

periostium

Question 5

The diaphysis of the long bone contains a hollow chamber called the ______ ______ which is lined with a thin layer of cells called the ________

Answer 5

medullar cavity

endostium

Question 6

_____ bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis and the epiphysis are filled with ____ bone

Answer 6

compact

spongy

Question 7

Compact bones consist of _____ which are around central canals

Answer 7

osteons

Question 8

Osteons are rings of ____ and extracellular matrix

Answer 8

osteocytes

Question 9

Each central canal contains _______ _____ and _____ which supply and control bone tissue.

Answer 9

blood vessels

nerves

Question 10

______ canals connect central canals

Answer 10

perforating

Question 11

Spongy bone consists of osteocytes and matrix - the tissue is arranged in ______

Answer 11

trabeculae

Question 12

_____ occurs in bone marrow which occupies the medullar cavities in irregular spaces in spongy bone and in larger central canals of compact bone tissue

Answer 12

Hematopoesis

Question 13

_____ marrow replaces _____ marrow with age and stores fat

Answer 13

yellow

red

Question 14

When blood is low in calcium, ____ hormone stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown calcium and release into blood.

Answer 14

parathyroid

Question 15

High blood calcium inhibits osteoclast activity and _____ stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue and store extra calcium

Answer 15

calcitonin

Question 16

______ is the formation of bone from connective tissue

Answer 16

ossification

Question 17

Ossification can occur in 2 ways - _____-______ bones forming or ______ bones forming

Answer 17

intra-membraneous

endochondral

Question 18

_____-_____ bones form from thin layers of undifferentiated connective tissue

Answer 18

intra-membraneous

Question 19

In the formation of intra-membraneous bones, progenitor cells differentiate into ____ which form a bony matrix around themselves to form spongy bone - they are then called ______ . The membraneous tissue outside of the developing bone form the _____ and the osteoblasts inside this form a layer of ______ bone over the spongy bone

Answer 19

osteoblasts
osteocytes
periostium
compact

Question 20

______ bones form from hyaline cartilage models in the foetus

Answer 20

endochondral

Question 21

In the formation of endochondral bones, the _____ _____ _____ occurs in the middle of the diaphysis where the cartilage begins to break down and blood vessels and osteoblasts which form spongy bone there occur

Answer 21

primary ossification centre

Question 22

The ____ ____ _____ form in the epiphyses where spongy bone is produced

Answer 22

secondary ossification centres

Question 23

______ _____ are the growth areas for the growing long bone and occur at the junctions between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

Answer 23

epiphyseal plates

Question 24

In bone remodelling, ______ resorb bone (breakdown and release into blood) and ______ deposit bone (form bone tissue.

Answer 24

osteoclasts

osteoblasts

Question 25

______ are derived from osteoblasts

Answer 25

osteocytes

Question 26

_____ joints are made up of dense connective tissue, are mainly immovable and are found in bones which lie in very close contace.

Answer 26

fibrous

Question 27

______ joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage and are found between intervertebral disks, and the first rib with the sternum

Answer 27

cartilaginous

Question 28

The majority of bones are connected by _____ joints

Answer 28

synovial

Question 29

The synovial membrane within synovial joints secretes _____ ____ which lubricates the joints

Answer 29

synovial fluid

Question 30

_____ is fibrocartilage which absorbs shock (eg in the knee joint)

Answer 30

menisci

Question 31

The ____ _____ _____ joint allows the widest range of movement

Answer 31

ball and socket

Question 32

The ______ joint allows back and forth and side to side movement , eg between metacarpels and phalanges

Answer 32

condylar

Question 33

The _____ joint allows a sliding/twisting movement eg in wrist/ankle

Answer 33

plane

Question 34

The ______ joint allows movement in 1 plane, eg in the elbow

Answer 34

hinge

Question 35

The _____joint allows rotation round a central axis (the joint between the atlas and axis in the cervical region of spine)

Answer 35

pivot

Question 36

The ______ joint involves a concave section and concave section which fit into each other (eg movement between carpel and first metacarpel of thumb

Answer 36

saddle