The Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 5 different bone structure shapes

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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2
Q

The long bone consists of 2 epiphysis - _____ and _____ with the _____ (the main part of the bone) in between .

A

proximal
distal
diaphysis

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3
Q

The long bone is covered by _____ cartilage

A

articular

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4
Q

_____ is the tough outer layer surrounding the long bone which continues with ligaments and tendons

A

periostium

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5
Q

The diaphysis of the long bone contains a hollow chamber called the ______ ______ which is lined with a thin layer of cells called the ________

A

medullar cavity

endostium

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6
Q

_____ bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis and the epiphysis are filled with ____ bone

A

compact

spongy

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7
Q

Compact bones consist of _____ which are around central canals

A

osteons

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8
Q

Osteons are rings of ____ and extracellular matrix

A

osteocytes

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9
Q

Each central canal contains _______ _____ and _____ which supply and control bone tissue.

A

blood vessels

nerves

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10
Q

______ canals connect central canals

A

perforating

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11
Q

Spongy bone consists of osteocytes and matrix - the tissue is arranged in ______

A

trabeculae

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12
Q

_____ occurs in bone marrow which occupies the medullar cavities in irregular spaces in spongy bone and in larger central canals of compact bone tissue

A

Hematopoesis

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13
Q

_____ marrow replaces _____ marrow with age and stores fat

A

yellow

red

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14
Q

When blood is low in calcium, ____ hormone stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown calcium and release into blood.

A

parathyroid

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15
Q

High blood calcium inhibits osteoclast activity and _____ stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue and store extra calcium

A

calcitonin

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16
Q

______ is the formation of bone from connective tissue

A

ossification

17
Q

Ossification can occur in 2 ways - _____-______ bones forming or ______ bones forming

A

intra-membraneous

endochondral

18
Q

_____-_____ bones form from thin layers of undifferentiated connective tissue

A

intra-membraneous

19
Q

In the formation of intra-membraneous bones, progenitor cells differentiate into ____ which form a bony matrix around themselves to form spongy bone - they are then called ______ . The membraneous tissue outside of the developing bone form the _____ and the osteoblasts inside this form a layer of ______ bone over the spongy bone

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
periostium
compact

20
Q

______ bones form from hyaline cartilage models in the foetus

A

endochondral

21
Q

In the formation of endochondral bones, the _____ _____ _____ occurs in the middle of the diaphysis where the cartilage begins to break down and blood vessels and osteoblasts which form spongy bone there occur

A

primary ossification centre

22
Q

The ____ ____ _____ form in the epiphyses where spongy bone is produced

A

secondary ossification centres

23
Q

______ _____ are the growth areas for the growing long bone and occur at the junctions between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

A

epiphyseal plates

24
Q

In bone remodelling, ______ resorb bone (breakdown and release into blood) and ______ deposit bone (form bone tissue.

A

osteoclasts

osteoblasts

25
Q

______ are derived from osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

26
Q

_____ joints are made up of dense connective tissue, are mainly immovable and are found in bones which lie in very close contace.

A

fibrous

27
Q

______ joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage and are found between intervertebral disks, and the first rib with the sternum

A

cartilaginous

28
Q

The majority of bones are connected by _____ joints

A

synovial

29
Q

The synovial membrane within synovial joints secretes _____ ____ which lubricates the joints

A

synovial fluid

30
Q

_____ is fibrocartilage which absorbs shock (eg in the knee joint)

A

menisci

31
Q

The ____ _____ _____ joint allows the widest range of movement

A

ball and socket

32
Q

The ______ joint allows back and forth and side to side movement , eg between metacarpels and phalanges

A

condylar

33
Q

The _____ joint allows a sliding/twisting movement eg in wrist/ankle

A

plane

34
Q

The ______ joint allows movement in 1 plane, eg in the elbow

A

hinge

35
Q

The _____joint allows rotation round a central axis (the joint between the atlas and axis in the cervical region of spine)

A

pivot

36
Q

The ______ joint involves a concave section and concave section which fit into each other (eg movement between carpel and first metacarpel of thumb

A

saddle