The Skeletal System Flashcards
name the 5 different bone structure shapes
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
The long bone consists of 2 epiphysis - _____ and _____ with the _____ (the main part of the bone) in between .
proximal
distal
diaphysis
The long bone is covered by _____ cartilage
articular
_____ is the tough outer layer surrounding the long bone which continues with ligaments and tendons
periostium
The diaphysis of the long bone contains a hollow chamber called the ______ ______ which is lined with a thin layer of cells called the ________
medullar cavity
endostium
_____ bone makes up the wall of the diaphysis and the epiphysis are filled with ____ bone
compact
spongy
Compact bones consist of _____ which are around central canals
osteons
Osteons are rings of ____ and extracellular matrix
osteocytes
Each central canal contains _______ _____ and _____ which supply and control bone tissue.
blood vessels
nerves
______ canals connect central canals
perforating
Spongy bone consists of osteocytes and matrix - the tissue is arranged in ______
trabeculae
_____ occurs in bone marrow which occupies the medullar cavities in irregular spaces in spongy bone and in larger central canals of compact bone tissue
Hematopoesis
_____ marrow replaces _____ marrow with age and stores fat
yellow
red
When blood is low in calcium, ____ hormone stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown calcium and release into blood.
parathyroid
High blood calcium inhibits osteoclast activity and _____ stimulates osteoblasts to form bone tissue and store extra calcium
calcitonin
______ is the formation of bone from connective tissue
ossification
Ossification can occur in 2 ways - _____-______ bones forming or ______ bones forming
intra-membraneous
endochondral
_____-_____ bones form from thin layers of undifferentiated connective tissue
intra-membraneous
In the formation of intra-membraneous bones, progenitor cells differentiate into ____ which form a bony matrix around themselves to form spongy bone - they are then called ______ . The membraneous tissue outside of the developing bone form the _____ and the osteoblasts inside this form a layer of ______ bone over the spongy bone
osteoblasts
osteocytes
periostium
compact
______ bones form from hyaline cartilage models in the foetus
endochondral
In the formation of endochondral bones, the _____ _____ _____ occurs in the middle of the diaphysis where the cartilage begins to break down and blood vessels and osteoblasts which form spongy bone there occur
primary ossification centre
The ____ ____ _____ form in the epiphyses where spongy bone is produced
secondary ossification centres
______ _____ are the growth areas for the growing long bone and occur at the junctions between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
epiphyseal plates
In bone remodelling, ______ resorb bone (breakdown and release into blood) and ______ deposit bone (form bone tissue.
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
______ are derived from osteoblasts
osteocytes
_____ joints are made up of dense connective tissue, are mainly immovable and are found in bones which lie in very close contace.
fibrous
______ joints are connected by hyaline or fibrocartilage and are found between intervertebral disks, and the first rib with the sternum
cartilaginous
The majority of bones are connected by _____ joints
synovial
The synovial membrane within synovial joints secretes _____ ____ which lubricates the joints
synovial fluid
_____ is fibrocartilage which absorbs shock (eg in the knee joint)
menisci
The ____ _____ _____ joint allows the widest range of movement
ball and socket
The ______ joint allows back and forth and side to side movement , eg between metacarpels and phalanges
condylar
The _____ joint allows a sliding/twisting movement eg in wrist/ankle
plane
The ______ joint allows movement in 1 plane, eg in the elbow
hinge
The _____joint allows rotation round a central axis (the joint between the atlas and axis in the cervical region of spine)
pivot
The ______ joint involves a concave section and concave section which fit into each other (eg movement between carpel and first metacarpel of thumb
saddle
