Immunity Flashcards
____ are disease causing agents
pathogens
What are the 2 mechanisms of defence against pathogens?
Innate (nonspecific)
Adaptive (specific)
Which mechanism of defence responds more quickly - innate or adaptive ?
Innate (nonspecific)
What is the first line of defence?
Mechanical barriers
What are some of the second line of defence?
Chemical barriers natural killer cells inflammation phagocytosis fever
What 2 responses are involved in the third line of defence?
cellular immune response
humoral immune response
What is species resistance?
when a species is resistant to a disease that affects other species
What are examples of mechanical barriers of defence?
Unbroken skin
mucous membranes
What are examples of chemical barriers of defence?
Acid environment of gastric juice
enzymes - pepsin in stomach, lysosomes in tears
Natural killer cells are a small group of _____
lymphocytes
Natural killer cells secrete _____ , which destroys cell membranes, therefor destroying cells.
Perforin
What are the 2 most active phagocytes?
Monocytes
neutrophils
____ are substances that can evoke an immune response.
Antigens
Lymphocyte precursors are processed to form _______ and _______
T lymphocytes (T cells) B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes are produced in the ____ and provide a _______ immune response by interacting directly with antigens/antigen bearing agents to destroy them.
Thymus
cellular
B lymphocytes are produced in ___ ____ ______ and provide _____ immune response - acting indirectly by producing antibodies which destroy antigens/antigen bearing agents.
red bone marrow
humoral
Before they can respond to antigens, lymphocytes require ____
activation
Name the 3 types of T cells
helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells
Helper T cells release ______ , activating ______ _____ ______ and ___ ______
cytokines
cytotoxic T cells
B cells (B lymphocytes)
Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells by releasing _____
perforin
B cells (B lymphocytes) can differentiate into … (2)
plasma cells
memory B cells
Plasma cells produce ______ which travel through body fluid to destroy antigens (the humoral immune response)
Antibodies
What is the function of memory T/B cells?
Respond to future encounters with the same antigen
What are the 5 classes of antibodies?
Ig G Ig A Ig M Ig D Ig E
What is the most abundant antibody
Ig G
Antibodies are also known as ______ and make up the ______ ______ in plasma
immunoglobulins
gamma globulin
What are the 3 actions of antibodies?
direct attack
activation of complement
inflammation
what is the name of spherical bacteria (cocci) in :
pairs
chains
groups
diplococci
streptococci
straphlococci
____ are rod shaped bacteria and can be singular or in chains
bacilli
____ are crescent shaped bacteria and are water bourne
Vibrio
_____ are spiral shaped bacteria
spirocheates
In the gram method, gram _____ bacteria will retain the stain and be darker, and gram _____ will not retain dye.
Positive
negative
Bacteria that requires the presence of oxygen to grow and replicate is called _____ _______
aerobic bacteria.
anaerobic if not
Bacteria divides by ____ _____
binary fission
_____ are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a _____ ______
viruses
protein coat
_____ live in an organism an use the hosts resources for survival - they are transmitted by a _____
parasites
carrier
_____ is the microbes naturally living within our bodies (the ‘good’ bacteria)
microbiome
