Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

____ are disease causing agents

A

pathogens

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2
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms of defence against pathogens?

A

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

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3
Q

Which mechanism of defence responds more quickly - innate or adaptive ?

A

Innate (nonspecific)

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4
Q

What is the first line of defence?

A

Mechanical barriers

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5
Q

What are some of the second line of defence?

A
Chemical barriers
natural killer cells
inflammation
phagocytosis
fever
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6
Q

What 2 responses are involved in the third line of defence?

A

cellular immune response

humoral immune response

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7
Q

What is species resistance?

A

when a species is resistant to a disease that affects other species

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8
Q

What are examples of mechanical barriers of defence?

A

Unbroken skin

mucous membranes

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9
Q

What are examples of chemical barriers of defence?

A

Acid environment of gastric juice

enzymes - pepsin in stomach, lysosomes in tears

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10
Q

Natural killer cells are a small group of _____

A

lymphocytes

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11
Q

Natural killer cells secrete _____ , which destroys cell membranes, therefor destroying cells.

A

Perforin

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12
Q

What are the 2 most active phagocytes?

A

Monocytes

neutrophils

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13
Q

____ are substances that can evoke an immune response.

A

Antigens

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14
Q

Lymphocyte precursors are processed to form _______ and _______

A
T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
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15
Q

T lymphocytes are produced in the ____ and provide a _______ immune response by interacting directly with antigens/antigen bearing agents to destroy them.

A

Thymus

cellular

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16
Q

B lymphocytes are produced in ___ ____ ______ and provide _____ immune response - acting indirectly by producing antibodies which destroy antigens/antigen bearing agents.

A

red bone marrow

humoral

17
Q

Before they can respond to antigens, lymphocytes require ____

A

activation

18
Q

Name the 3 types of T cells

A

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells

19
Q

Helper T cells release ______ , activating ______ _____ ______ and ___ ______

A

cytokines
cytotoxic T cells
B cells (B lymphocytes)

20
Q

Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells by releasing _____

21
Q

B cells (B lymphocytes) can differentiate into … (2)

A

plasma cells

memory B cells

22
Q

Plasma cells produce ______ which travel through body fluid to destroy antigens (the humoral immune response)

A

Antibodies

23
Q

What is the function of memory T/B cells?

A

Respond to future encounters with the same antigen

24
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A
Ig G
Ig A
Ig M 
Ig D
Ig E
25
What is the most abundant antibody
Ig G
26
Antibodies are also known as ______ and make up the ______ ______ in plasma
immunoglobulins | gamma globulin
27
What are the 3 actions of antibodies?
direct attack activation of complement inflammation
28
what is the name of spherical bacteria (cocci) in : pairs chains groups
diplococci streptococci straphlococci
29
____ are rod shaped bacteria and can be singular or in chains
bacilli
30
____ are crescent shaped bacteria and are water bourne
Vibrio
31
_____ are spiral shaped bacteria
spirocheates
32
In the gram method, gram _____ bacteria will retain the stain and be darker, and gram _____ will not retain dye.
Positive | negative
33
Bacteria that requires the presence of oxygen to grow and replicate is called _____ _______
aerobic bacteria. | anaerobic if not
34
Bacteria divides by ____ _____
binary fission
35
_____ are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a _____ ______
viruses | protein coat
36
_____ live in an organism an use the hosts resources for survival - they are transmitted by a _____
parasites | carrier
37
_____ is the microbes naturally living within our bodies (the 'good' bacteria)
microbiome