Immunity

Question 1

____ are disease causing agents

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

What are the 2 mechanisms of defence against pathogens?

Answer 2

Innate (nonspecific)

Adaptive (specific)

Question 3

Which mechanism of defence responds more quickly - innate or adaptive ?

Answer 3

Innate (nonspecific)

Question 4

What is the first line of defence?

Answer 4

Mechanical barriers

Question 5

What are some of the second line of defence?

Answer 5

Chemical barriers
natural killer cells
inflammation
phagocytosis
fever

Question 6

What 2 responses are involved in the third line of defence?

Answer 6

cellular immune response

humoral immune response

Question 7

What is species resistance?

Answer 7

when a species is resistant to a disease that affects other species

Question 8

What are examples of mechanical barriers of defence?

Answer 8

Unbroken skin

mucous membranes

Question 9

What are examples of chemical barriers of defence?

Answer 9

Acid environment of gastric juice

enzymes - pepsin in stomach, lysosomes in tears

Question 10

Natural killer cells are a small group of _____

Answer 10

lymphocytes

Question 11

Natural killer cells secrete _____ , which destroys cell membranes, therefor destroying cells.

Answer 11

Perforin

Question 12

What are the 2 most active phagocytes?

Answer 12

Monocytes

neutrophils

Question 13

____ are substances that can evoke an immune response.

Answer 13

Antigens

Question 14

Lymphocyte precursors are processed to form _______ and _______

Answer 14

T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)

Question 15

T lymphocytes are produced in the ____ and provide a _______ immune response by interacting directly with antigens/antigen bearing agents to destroy them.

Answer 15

Thymus

cellular

Question 16

B lymphocytes are produced in ___ ____ ______ and provide _____ immune response - acting indirectly by producing antibodies which destroy antigens/antigen bearing agents.

Answer 16

red bone marrow

humoral

Question 17

Before they can respond to antigens, lymphocytes require ____

Answer 17

activation

Question 18

Name the 3 types of T cells

Answer 18

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
memory T cells

Question 19

Helper T cells release ______ , activating ______ _____ ______ and ___ ______

Answer 19

cytokines
cytotoxic T cells
B cells (B lymphocytes)

Question 20

Cytotoxic T cells destroy cells by releasing _____

Answer 20

perforin

Question 21

B cells (B lymphocytes) can differentiate into … (2)

Answer 21

plasma cells

memory B cells

Question 22

Plasma cells produce ______ which travel through body fluid to destroy antigens (the humoral immune response)

Answer 22

Antibodies

Question 23

What is the function of memory T/B cells?

Answer 23

Respond to future encounters with the same antigen

Question 24

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 24

Ig G
Ig A
Ig M 
Ig D
Ig E

Question 25

What is the most abundant antibody

Answer 25

Ig G

Question 26

Antibodies are also known as ______ and make up the ______ ______ in plasma

Answer 26

immunoglobulins

gamma globulin

Question 27

What are the 3 actions of antibodies?

Answer 27

direct attack
activation of complement
inflammation

Question 28

what is the name of spherical bacteria (cocci) in :
pairs
chains
groups

Answer 28

diplococci
streptococci
straphlococci

Question 29

____ are rod shaped bacteria and can be singular or in chains

Answer 29

bacilli

Question 30

____ are crescent shaped bacteria and are water bourne

Answer 30

Vibrio

Question 31

_____ are spiral shaped bacteria

Answer 31

spirocheates

Question 32

In the gram method, gram _____ bacteria will retain the stain and be darker, and gram _____ will not retain dye.

Answer 32

Positive

negative

Question 33

Bacteria that requires the presence of oxygen to grow and replicate is called _____ _______

Answer 33

aerobic bacteria.

anaerobic if not

Question 34

Bacteria divides by ____ _____

Answer 34

binary fission

Question 35

_____ are made up of DNA or RNA surrounded by a _____ ______

Answer 35

viruses

protein coat

Question 36

_____ live in an organism an use the hosts resources for survival - they are transmitted by a _____

Answer 36

parasites

carrier

Question 37

_____ is the microbes naturally living within our bodies (the ‘good’ bacteria)

Answer 37

microbiome